tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87885752024-03-13T11:29:31.734-07:00Tom King's CRM PlusTom King’s CRM Plus --
Ruminations on "cultural resource management," environmental impact assessment, and related esoteric topics, by a curmudgeon who seldom has anything good to say about anything.Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.comBlogger271125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-76999215661683883072021-12-12T07:12:00.000-08:002021-12-12T07:12:48.379-08:00Finally a Self-Appendectomy by the Corps of Engineers?<p> <span style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">With all the coherence and intelligibility we have learned
to expect from our public servants, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has (in a
manner of speaking) announced that it may have finally seen reason and may
revise its regulations -- </span><span style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">33 CFR 325 Appendix C. –
that </span><span style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">ostensibly provide for compliance with Section
106 of the National Historic Preservation Act.
You can read the announcement at </span><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=202110&RIN=0710-AB46" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=202110&RIN=0710-AB46</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obtuse as it is, the Corps’ announcement is
welcome, coming as it does in unacknowledged response to decades of criticism
by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), the National Trust for
Historic Preservation (NTHP), the National Conference of State Historic Preservation
Officers (NCSHPO), the National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers
(NATHPO), multiple SHPOs and THPOs, and unofficial citizen critics like
me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Corps has used Appendix C to
allow – indeed encourage – applicants for and holders of its permits to run
roughshod over thousands of historic places and to ignore the interests of
innumerable citizens – notably members of Indian tribes – in their
preservation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dispensing with Appendix C
and having the Corps join the rest of the federal establishment in following
the ACHP’s regulations (assuming that<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Tom%20King" datetime="2021-12-11T11:03">’</ins></span>s what the Corps
intends to do) would be a big improvement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, the ACHP<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Tom%20King" datetime="2021-12-11T11:03">’</ins></span>s
regulations themselves are not without warts, and if the Corps says only that
henceforth it will follow them, a considerable opportunity will have been
missed. I hope the Corps and those with whom it consults (if anyone) will
consider how to make the Section 106 process more inclusive and democratic than
it now is. However, I’m not going to hold my breath.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-1998150165137926572021-07-04T08:29:00.000-07:002021-07-04T08:29:12.445-07:00 STUNNING PHASERS<p>Well, here we go again. “Phases” in/of
archaeological/cultural resources survey.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yesterday morning (7/3/2021), a Facebook poster asked what kinds
of technical training and experience she can get that would increase her value
to potential archaeological employers. Responses were all over the map, ranging
from getting to know about soils to English composition and beyond. One of the
respondents wisely recommended that she take a field school, but went on to
say: “preferably one that emphasizes aspects of all 3 phases.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I knew what the poster meant by “3 phases,” but asked the
dumb question anyway: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Phases?” <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The answer, promptly provided by another commenter, was: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“a phase I is survey, phase II is evaluation, and phase III
is data recovery/excavation.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have written in multiple editions of multiple textbooks
and quite a few journal articles and Internet postings about how mind
deadening, ill considered, and damaging this simplistic “phase–by–phase” notion
is, ever since the 1980s when it was first (to my knowledge) advanced. Maybe
I’ve not been clear enough, so let’s try it again.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">First off, there is no law or government-wide regulation
that calls for such “phases.” Though some government agencies and State
Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs) have written phasing, under various
names, into their manuals and field procedures, that doesn’t make it law. What Section
106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), via its regulations (36
CFR 800) <u>does</u> require is that agencies identify historic places (not
just archaeological sites) subject to effect by their proposed undertakings,
ascertain whether these places are eligible for the National Register of
Historic Places (NRHP), and try to figure out ways to avoid, minimize, or
otherwise mitigate impacts on such places.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So doesn’t that mean the same thing? <u>No</u>. Let’s look
at what it <u>does</u> mean.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">ARCHAEOLOGY VERSUS THE WORLD<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">First, note that the law and regs aren’t about archaeology;
they’re about historic properties, or more broadly cultural heritage. If one is
interested only in archaeology, one can ignore this, but sooner or later one is
likely to get tripped up by some other kind of “heritage” – for example landscapes,
buildings, plants, animals, atmospheric conditions and social practices that
people regard as culturally important. Or worse, one will <u>not</u> get
tripped up, and will happily go on playing archaeologist, pretending that archaeology
is the be-all and end-all of humanity’s cultural heritage, and usually thus
conniving with the interests of those who would plow under that heritage in the
interests of short-term profit. That strikes me as pretty reprehensible.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“PHASE I:” IDENTIFICATION<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Turning to the “three-phase” definition, in the context of
the NHPA’s requirements, what does it mean to identify historic places subject
to effect by a proposed undertaking? Doesn’t that mean doing a survey?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Not necessarily. If you already know a great deal about the
area(s) that may be affected, you may not need to do a survey; it may be a
waste of time and money. But you <u>do</u> have to ascertain what you already <u>do</u>
know about the area, and that’s why – one reason why – the Section 106
regulations call for “scoping:” sitting down with people who know about the
area and figuring out what’s known and not known, and how to go about making
the unknown known. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Based on scoping, you may decide to do one kind of field
survey in one environment and another in another. You may decide that some
areas don’t need to be surveyed at all. You may decide that some areas need to
be probed in great detail using remote sensing, or forensic canines. You may
decide that archaeological survey is irrelevant but architectural survey is
needed. Or cultural landscape identification. And so on. Scoping is absolutely
key to doing responsible historic property identification.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Scoping, and the consultation with interested parties that
it <u>must</u> involve, tends to be neglected, if not ignored altogether, when
one prescribes a “Phase I” survey following some standard system – which, in my
experience, often involves merely walking transects across the area where
direct effects are expected and maybe digging holes at specified intervals, all
without talking to anybody who lives in or knows about the area.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This kind of walking and digging survey is usually useful –
if at all – in places where direct physical impact is anticipated – the places
that will be bulldozed or blown up or paved over by a project. But often the
most important impacts are <u>not</u> physical, or not direct. Consider the
visual impacts of a proposed array of solar panels or a field of wind turbines.
Consider the social impacts of a highway reconstruction project on a nearby –
or maybe not so nearby – low income or minority neighborhood. Consider the
impacts of recreational boaters on a stretch of river held by an indigenous
group to be spiritually sensitive, or where its members engage in traditional
fishing. Does walking transects and digging test pits make sense in such a
case? Probably not, but other measures probably <u>are</u> needed. This again
is why sensitive, thoughtful scoping is vital, and short-circuiting it through
the imposition of standardized survey prescriptions is irresponsible.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I understand that some federal agency undertakings are so
simple and routine that they may not require this kind of scoping-based
identification. It may be perfectly reasonable for an agency, or an SHPO, to
say for example, “when considering the effects of a proposed powerline in
Rockrim County, routinely conduct background research, surface survey, and
testing along the right-of-way, and interview everyone who lives or works
within sight of the proposed line about impacts on places of cultural
importance to them.” In such a case you’re essentially saying that you know
enough about Rockrim County to reasonably think that the measures outlined will
be adequate. But when you’re not in this happy position you really need to do
scoping. On the basis of which you can design and follow a scope of work for
identification. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you’re interested, you’ll find a fairly extended
discussion of this kind of thing on pages 28 to 38 of my 2020 textbook, <i>Cultural
Resource Management: a Collaborative Primer for Archaeologists</i> (Berghan
Books New York/Oxford).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“PHASE II” EVALUATION<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So what about “phase II evaluation?” Doesn’t evaluation
always follow identification?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Again, not necessarily. First, of course, some things may
already have been evaluated – though you always want to make sure that whatever
it is has been evaluated from all the relevant perspectives: traditional
cultural, architectural, archaeological, and so on. Or there may be no need for
much evaluation. If you found that the undertaking just really isn’t going to
affect very much of anything, then there’s little need to go to the trouble of
evaluating anything – though some may insist on it as matter of procedural
nicety or to build up their data files or to pad their pockets.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Or you may simply be able to take people’s word for it. If,
say, a tribe says that the Rollicking River is a really important cultural
place, the diplomatic (and truthful) thing to do may be to say okay, then it
must be eligible for the National Register under 36 CFR 60.4(a). Somebody else
– maybe your client – may question this assumption, and it may be necessary to
ask more questions and develop more information, but you oughtn’t start out
with the assumption that you’ve got to go through a formal evaluation process,
and you <u>certainly</u> shouldn’t assume or imply that <u>your</u> evaluations
of significance are as important as those of the people who value the place.
Particularly, but not only, if those people comprise a federally recognized
Indian tribe or a Native Hawaiian group.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What I think is especially reprehensible is the notion that
a place is not significant, not eligible for the National Register, not
entitled to consideration under Section 106, until some “professional” hired by
an affected community has formally evaluated it, and perhaps ushered it through
the Byzantine NRHP nomination process so loved by the National Park Service. It
is not the responsibility of those whose cultural values are threatened by a
project to demonstrate that the places they value are eligible for Uncle
Sugar’s National Register. It is the responsibility of <u>federal agencies</u>,
and those they license or permit, to ascertain what is significant, in respectful
consultation with those to whom things may matter. This is the logical
interpretation of federal responsibilities under President Nixon’s Executive
Order 11593, but it seems to be happily ignored by many interpreting the laws
today.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But I digress. My simple point is that yes, somebody has to figure
out whether a threatened place is significant enough to be a subject of
concern, but that does not mean that a hired archaeologist – or architectural
historian, or “cultural resource management expert” – must go through some sort
of standard process and make an authoritative decision in the matter.
Evaluation is a complicated business, not reducible to a standardized “phase”
of study.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“PHASE III:” DATA RECOVERY/EXCAVATION<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is where the “phased” interpretation of
agency/client/consultant responsibility most especially leaves all four wheels
spinning separately on the road. Look at the standard definition of “Phase III”
– “Data Recovery/Excavation.” That’s the be-all and end-all. Never mind if your
“Phase I” has identified a significant place – be it a township, a farmstead, a
mountain, a forest, an urban neighborhood, the sound of the wind through the
trees, a river, a population of marine mammals, fish, or horses – and never
mind that your “Phase II” has concluded that yes, this place is eligible for
the National Register. The only imaginable “Phase III” outcome is data
recovery/excavation. Dig it up or otherwise extract data from it before it’s
destroyed.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Does this make any kind of sense? Does it have anything to
do with historic preservation? With “cultural resource management?” Is it even
good archaeological practice? I don’t think so.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What do you think?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-9649948342171387812021-02-20T11:10:00.002-08:002021-02-20T11:10:43.132-08:00 A COUPLE OF VIGNETTES ABOUT ROBERT R. GARVEY, JR.<p>Back in 1965-66, Robert R. (Bob) Garvey Jr. (1921-96) was
one of the authors of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). At the
time he was the Executive Secretary of the National Trust for Historic
Preservation. Upon enactment of the NHPA, he became Executive Director of the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), created by the NHPA, which at
the time was lodged in the National Park Service (NPS). A couple of remembered
vignettes about Bob – one long, the other short – seem to me to perhaps be
relevant to the current discussions around replacing the ACHP’s Chair and
Executive Director.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Hearing What the Indians Have to Say<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The first vignette dates to about 1971; at that time, I was
an anthropology graduate student at the University of California, Riverside,
overseeing the University’s newly formed archaeological research unit and
working with an Indian tribe, the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians to
document and protect landscapes that were important to the tribe. One of these
was Tahquitz Canyon, which figures in Cahuilla origin traditions and is
accordingly a very sacred place. The Corps of Engineers at the time proposed to
dam up Tahquitz Canyon to protect high-value residential property in Palm
Springs from a hypothetical 300 year flood event. Agua Caliente strenuously
opposed the project and wondered if we could use Section 106 of the NHPA to force
the Corps to consider the canyon’s cultural significance.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In those early, benighted days, Section 106 required
agencies to consider the effects of their actions only on places that had been <u>included</u>
in the National Register of Historic Places, so my colleagues and I got to work
with the Tribe’s traditional historian and its elders to prepare a nomination.
This was my introduction to the kind of place that 20 years later Pat Parker
and I, in National Register Bulletin 38, would call a traditional cultural
property (TCP). Our nomination was successful, so the Corps had to consider the
Canyon’s cultural significance, which otherwise they would’ve ignored.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There were not then any regulations for implementing Section
106, and the ACHP staff consisted of Bob Garvey and some three other NPS
employees – Glennie Murray, Lou Wall, and Ben Levy. So the Corps flew Garvey
and Murray out to Palm Springs to walk them around in the desert heat showing
them that the Canyon contained no great architecture, indeed nothing, in the Corps’
eyes, that might be culturally important. The Tribe was not consulted, but the Corps
put on a public hearing at which Agua Caliente was invited to testify. The Tribe
asked me to help coordinate the testimony. My colleague George Jefferson and I
got up and gave what we thought was a pretty impressive showing of the canyon’s
archaeological significance, which George, Steve Hammond, and Tribal Council
members had documented in minute detail during surveys over the preceding baking-hot
months.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I sat down feeling reasonably good about what I had said,
and about all George’s spectacular graphics, and then Garvey – here’s the
vignette – rumbled from the back of the room: “that’s all very interesting Mr.
King, but I’d like to hear what the <u>Indians</u> have to say.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This was a surprise to all of us; we had understood this 106
review stuff to be all a matter for discussion among white-eye professionals.
But Agua Caliente’s historian and Vice Chairman were eloquent speakers, so they
quickly took their feet and explained in detail the role the canyon played in
traditional history. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The ACHP comments drafted by Murray and signed off by Garvey
were very negative about the Corps’ project, and to everyone’s surprise, the Corps
walked away from it. There were questions about why this actually happened, and
there were many more acts to the Tahquitz Canyon saga, eventually leading to a
much scaled-down flood control facility, a major archaeological research
project carried out by Agua Caliente, and transfer of the canyon’s ownership to
the Tribe, which now maintains a handsome visitor center and self guiding
trail.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What I want to emphasize in that vignette is Bob Garvey’s
polite dismissal of my fancy-pants professional explanation of why the canyon
was significant, and his insistence on hearing from the people themselves. This
was absolutely fundamental to Bob’s character, and it was a very important part
of my education. Bob had this strange notion that what ordinary citizens had to
say about historic places was important, and should be respectfully attended
to.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Putting Ourselves Out Of Work<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The second vignette – really a suite of vignettes but I can
deal with them much more directly – dates to the 1980s, by which time the ACHP
was an independent agency with a staff of 40 or so people. I was its guy overseeing
Section 106 review, with Garvey as my boss. What I remember him saying,
repeatedly and with emphasis, was that our job at the ACHP was to <u>work
ourselves out of our jobs</u>. We should work to make the thoughtful,
consultative consideration and resolution of impacts on historic places so
fundamental to the workings of every agency that there would be no need for
anything like the ACHP to remind them of their duty. Not, perhaps, a very
realistic expectation, but a noble one.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>So What?<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">How do these vignettes relate to the ACHP’s current
situation? In a couple of ways I think.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>First,</i> I think that both the Chairman and Executive
Director should be guided by Garvey’s sort of populism – not populism in the
fascistic Trumpy sense, but populism in the sense of paying close attention to
the voices of those most affected by federal undertakings, notably local residents and members of low income and minority groups – including but
not limited to Indian tribes. Experts and government officials have important
roles to play, and are citizens themselves and hence people whose concerns
agencies should address, but they’re not the only important participants. Candidates
for the Chairmanship and Executive Directorship should be closely questioned
about how they would make sure the voice of the people is heard and attended to
by the Federal establishment.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Second</i>, I think the ACHP leadership should undertake,
as an urgent matter, a thorough review of the Section 106 regulatory system. In
the years since Bob Garvey’s retirement and untimely death, Section 106 review
has become steadily more distant from the public, more and more a matter of deals
cut between agencies and State Historic Preservation Officers. Programmatic
Agreements and other alternative ways of doing 106 review routinely cut out the
affected public and substitute complex, agency-run decision making systems for
the simple consultation-to-agreement approach that is at the core of the 106
regulations. Bob Garvey’s populism, tempered by the clever deviousness of his
General Counsel Ken Tapman, created regulations that called for something pretty
straightforward: figure out what your project may affect; figure out how it
will be affected; figure out what to do about it – all in open consultation
with those affected. It would be wise to try to get back to such a system. Those
regulations – initially issued with very thin statutory authority – were far
ahead of their time in being centered on consultation among affected parties,
aimed at reaching agreement; I don’t know of another environmental regulation
that’s so populist, and that’s too bad. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are understandable reasons
that the Section 106 process has become so impenetrable by the public, and I
won’t deny my own responsibility for some of its complexities. But the biggest
factor in the deterioration of Section 106 review, I think, has been a disinterested
ACHP leadership that devotes little intellectual energy to it. That leadership
has been much more interested in doing other things – giving awards, overseeing
grant programs; nice quiet activities that get attaboys from congressmen and presidents,
stuff that doesn’t make trouble. Forgetting Garvey’s dictum of trying to work
itself out of existence, the ACHP seems to have become more devoted to its own survival
and prosperity than to its legal mission. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">I hope that the new Chairman and
Executive Director will change things; I hope they’ll be inspired by Bob Garvey’s
legacy and devote real brainpower and creativity to resuscitating the Section
106 process and putting it to work in the interests of our planetary heritage.</p>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-67102295767064556612021-02-15T10:39:00.001-08:002021-02-15T10:39:47.036-08:00The National Mall Underground<p>I’m pretty skeptical of most infrastructure construction
projects, thinking them usually ill-considered and likely to create unanticipated
environmental impacts. But one I support, and hope to see made a part of
President Biden’s infrastructure program, is the National Mall Underground in
Washington DC.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Underground is the brainchild of the National Mall
Coalition, a spunky little non-profit, and notably of its vice-president, the
internationally acclaimed architect Arthur Cotton Moore. It would install a
large structure under the Mall between the Smithsonian Castle and the National
Museum of Natural History, theoretically invisible but for a couple of
low-visibility access/egress structures. The structure would include:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
<span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Facilities to receive and store up to 30 million
gallons of stormwater – the volume of a 200-year flood event like the one that
swamped the Mall in 2006<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span> </span>
<span> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Parking for a large number of tour busses and
cars – the former especially contribute mightily to DC congestion and lousy air
quality;<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
<span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A field of geothermal rods to provide clean
heating and cooling energy to nearby government and Smithsonian buildings;<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
<span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A visitors center serving all the Mall’s
museums, monuments, and public buildings, perhaps including exhibit space to
augment what’s provided by the existing museums;<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
<span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A “shelter-in-place” facility for tourists and
others during inclement weather or other disaster; and<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
<span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cisterns to receive, store, and distribute groundwater
to irrigate the Mall’s greenery.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It wouldn’t be a huge project – its cost is estimated to run
about $300 million – but its location would make it a highly visible one, a
symbol of the country’s determination to put the dark years behind us and build
for the future. And the needs it would meet are serious ones. Flooding from
interior sources as well as tidewater and the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers has
been described as an “existential threat” to the Smithsonian museums, federal
buildings, and National Archive facilities around the Mall, and nobody’s come
up with better solutions than higher levees along the rivers and pumping plants
to shoot floodwater over them. No better solutions other than the Underground,
that is, which actually was inspired by the unrealized recommendations of
interagency committees over the years.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Such committees have looked at the Coalition’s proposal too,
and generally been supportive but unable to overcome the bureaucratic obstacles
to doing anything. Governance of the National Mall is divided among half a
dozen federal agencies, the District of Columbia government, and the
Smithsonian. Nobody seems able to make the thing happen. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Corps of Engineers has examined the Coalition’s proposal
and concluded that: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>The Underground offers an innovative, multi-purpose
potential alternative for stormwater retention and flood risk management on
Constitution Avenue and in the Federal Triangle area. Concurrently, it could
address the documented need for tour bus parking, as well as provide a tourism
visitor center, geothermal energy, and irrigation for the National Mall turf
grass and gardens. Additionally, revenue potential from parking fees and water
credits may offer self-financing opportunities that attracts a public-private
partnership.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But the Corps can’t take action by itself, and neither can
any other federal agency. Direction is needed from Congress, and maybe from the
President, who after all lives on the Mall with his family, and whose basement
(he wasn’t in residence then) was flooded in 2019.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some of my historic preservation colleagues have asked me
how such a project could possibly be permissible under the National Historic
Preservation Act, given the requirement of that law’s Section 106 that federal
agencies “take into account” the effects of projects on historic places like
the Mall. I respond that “take into account” does not mean “don’t touch” – as
the whole history of Section 106 review since the law’s enactment in 1966
vividly documents. A proposal to build the Underground would trigger consultation among interested
parties – negotiations aimed at a Memorandum of Agreement as to how the project
would be carried out; I don’t see much in the way of legitimate obstacles to
achieving such an agreement. Of course, what’s “legitimate” to my eyes may be very
unlike what’s “legitimate” to others, which is precisely why Section 106 review
has multi-party consultation as its centerpiece.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But maybe I’m wrong. I invite everyone who’s interested to
take a look at the Coalition’s Underground web page -- <a href="https://www.nationalmallcoalition.org/innovation/resilience-to-ensure-the-future/">National
Mall Underground | National Mall Coalition</a> – and let me know of any
objections.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Or additional ideas. For example, what might the visitors
center contain in the way of fixed exhibitions? It’s been suggested that the
workings of the Underground – its automated parking, its circulating
groundwater cisterns, its geothermal plant – might be on display as examples of
green engineering, and this seems to me a good idea. Perhaps the visitors
center might also be a place to acquaint <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">people with the indigenous <span style="background: #FEFEFE; color: #494949;">Piscataway, Pamunkey, Nanichoke,
Mattaponi, Chickahominy, Monacan, and Powhatan peoples of the area. One
can learn about them at the National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall,
but one has pretty much to go there by intention. A treatment of indigenous
history and culture in the Underground’s visitors center might help all
visitors meditate on our use and misuse of the lands occupied by the
predecessors and victims of colonial governance. I’m sure there are lots of
other good ideas out there, and the Coalition’s very keen to learn about them. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 5.0pt;"><span style="background: #FEFEFE; color: #494949; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Incidentally,
a lot of interesting ideas were discussed, leading to some refinements in the
Underground’s design, during a presentation the Coalition made to the American
Institute of Architects (AIA) last June; see</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.nationalmallcoalition.org/2020/06/webinar-on-national-mall-resiliency-draws-record-audience-for-aia/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://www.nationalmallcoalition.org/2020/06/webinar-on-national-mall-resiliency-draws-record-audience-for-aia/</span></a></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> .<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">Take a look, and let me know what you think. And if you like it, you might mention it to your Congressperson. Thanks.</p>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-10598926489488589582020-12-30T07:13:00.000-08:002020-12-30T07:13:06.543-08:00The Voice of the People: Traditional Cultural Places and National Register Bulletin 38<p> Just posted on Academia.edu <a href="https://www.academia.edu/s/b7cb310b1f?source=ai_email">(45) Discussion: The Voice of the People: Traditional Cultural Places and National Register Bulletin 38 - Academia.edu</a>: <span style="background-color: white; color: #494848; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">an excerpt from an ebook I'm composing for my granddaughter Olivia (Livy) King, about the life times, and career of her late grandmother, Patricia L. Parker. It deals with the origins of National Register Bulletin 38 on "traditional cultural places."</span></p><h1 style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bulletin 38</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let’s
rewind, Livy, to the early and mid-1980s. Pat was focused on caring for your
father and finishing her dissertation, and starting to do contract work for the
Park Service. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">My
life at the Advisory Council had been dominated by several heavy-duty Section
106 cases having little or nothing to do with the interests that Pat and I
shared. Demolition of the Hudson’s Department Store in Detroit was one, and the
Helen Hayes Theater on Broadway in New York was another – the latter a case in
which the <i>New York Times</i> characterized a letter from me as “the
plaintive wailings of an embattled bureaucrat.” And my ACHP colleagues and I
were doing what we could to fight off the Reagan Administration’s efforts to
eviscerate the National Historic Preservation Act, particularly Section 106 and
the SHPOs. And if possible to make good use of the Reaganauts’ populism. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Populism?
Yes. I don’t know how the word will be used when you read this, Livy, but back
in the day, it was something that sort of kind of made common cause (at least
rhetorically) between people like me and people like Reagan. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wikipedia
(I hope you still have Wikipedia) says “populism…” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">…refers to a range
of political stances that emphasize the idea of ‘the people’ and often
juxtapose this group against ‘the elite’. The term developed in the 19th
century and has been applied to various politicians, parties, and movements
since that time, although has rarely been chosen as a self-description.”</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
few years before, in his plywood house on the midden spilling down to the shore
in Mechchitiw Village, Chief Chitaro William had handed me a beautiful conch
shell. Pat had translated as he’d said that when I got back to Washington DC,
to the White House (I think he conflated the two), I should keep this conch
shell – used to call people together in the <i>wuut </i>to discuss weighty
topics – to remind me always to listen to the voice of the people. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I’d
tried to do that, and Pat kept reminding me to. I held onto the thin hope that
the populism of Ronald Reagan and his people could somehow be made to amplify
the “voice of the people” embodied in the conch that sat over my desk at the
ACHP<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">We’ve learned a lot since the 1980s, Livy, and you’ll learn more in the
years to come. Wikipedia now wisely distinguishes between right-wing and
left-wing populism:</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“Both right-wing
populism and left-wing populism object to the perceived control of liberal
democracies by elites; however, populism of the left also objects to the power
of large corporations and their allies, while populism of the right normally
opposes immigration…”</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I’m a left-wing populist, and so was my boss at the ACHP, Bob Garvey.
Ronald Reagan, we now know, was very much a right-wing populist, and his heirs
– Donald Trump and his compatriots in this country, Boris Johnson in the United
Kingdom, Jair Bolsonaro in Brasil – have pushed right-wing populism to the
point of fascism, and sullied its name. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But none of this was apparent in the 1980s. Cock-eyed optimists like me
imagined that we could build populist bridges with Reagan’s people, and we
tried to do so, without utterly selling our souls.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
about 1986, about the time your grandma became a “real” Park Service employee, two
cases presented themselves that were all about “the people” versus “elites” and
that seemed to make pretty obvious points precisely at the intersection of
Pat’s and my concerns. One was an urban case – Poletown in Detroit, Michigan;
the other was a quintessential rural, Native American case, the San Francisco
Peaks in Arizona.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Poletown
was an ethnic Polish, mostly Catholic, low-income neighborhood, the wage
earners mostly autoworkers, that had grown up around a Dodge plant (Dodge Main)
built in Detroit’s early 20<sup>th</sup> century heyday. By the 1980s the plant
had closed, overtaken by automation. The city government, headed by the
charismatic Mayor Coleman Young, had negotiated a deal whereby the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) would help the City acquire
and demolish Dodge Main – which had been found </span><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t202" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe">
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for the National Register – and the surrounding neighborhood, so that General
Motors could build a new plant on the site. The Section 106 discussion all
focused on the Dodge Main plant, since it was the thing that had been
determined eligible (maybe placed on, I don’t recall) the National Register,
but Dodge Main clearly wasn’t the real point. The real point was the
neighborhood, the community, Poletown. The <i>people</i>, that is, not the
rather marginal “elite” represented by hypothetical engineering historians who
might value Dodge Main.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Coincidentally,
there was a proposal to repair and expand a ski facility on the San Francisco
Peaks, a mountain in New Mexico controlled by the U.S. Forest Service – and a
single mountain, despite its plural name. The Peaks comprised one of the four
corners of the Navajo World, and to the Hopi and Zuni are the home of powerful
Katsina – spirit beings who control the universe. But just as HUD and Detroit
could pretend that the only thing “historic” involved in their proposed
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Forest Service pretended that there was <i>nothing</i> historic to</span> <span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> consider about the San Francisco Peaks,
because its archaeologists couldn’t find anything there that impressed them.<o:p></o:p></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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</w:wrap></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
both cases, the question of what got attended to, what got considered “historic” or “cultural” turned on eligibility
for the National Register. Whose views had to be considered in deciding what
was eligible? In both the Poletown and San Francisco Peaks cases, the “voice of
the people” – that is, the views of the people most affected by the action,
were pretty systematically ignored. Both Poletown and the San Francisco Peaks
were regarded by the relevant agencies (HUD and the Forest Service,
respectively) as not eligible for the NRHP, so effects on them could be
disregarded under Section 106.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pat
and I decided we couldn’t let this sort of thing continue.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
timing was tricky. Ronald Reagan was in the White House; his Secretary of the
Interior, James Watt, had his flunkies leaning on the Park Service and Advisory
Council to keep them and those pesky environmental and historic preservation
laws from “obstructing development<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.”
The general attitude of the historic preservation bureaucracy when confronted
with a challenge in those days (and these) was summed up in a widely quoted
comment by ACHP General Counsel John Fowler: “Pass for now; the risk is too
great.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But
there was, maybe, an angle. However false it may have been, there was Reagan’s
self-perception as a populist, a man of the people. His recently-installed
Chair of the ACHP, Cynthia Grassby-Baker, made similar noises, as did her
Vice-Chair, Dr. Robert Johns. Several Reagan appointees to the ACHP were quite
solidly populist in their leanings, and reasonable people besides. There
should, Pat and I thought, be a basis for appealing to them to favor taking
care of places that ordinary people, ordinary communities, cared about.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So
with the blessing of Chairman Grassby-Baker and Executive Director Garvey, Pat
and I got to work drafting ACHP guidelines to all federal agencies about how to
consider the effects of their actions on…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Well,
what to call them? What simple term could embrace both Poletown and the San
Francisco Peaks? And how could we link that term to the National Register, and
hence to the requirements of Section 106, without freaking out the Park Service
bureaucrats, who were every bit as risk-averse as Mr. Pass-for-now?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I
don’t remember how we came up with the term “traditional cultural property,”
except that it seemed like the minimum number of words we could use to capture
the notions of being – well, traditional, cultural, and a “property,” the last
word being the one favored in Park Service guidance and regulation to refer to
all the sorts of places (districts, sites, buildings, structures, objects) that
might be eligible for the Register<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
However we fastened upon the name, and it stuck – now often referred to in
acronym as “TCP.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
the guidelines said was nothing earth-shattering. We just talked about how it
was important to avoid ethnocentrism – a narrow focus on how one’s own ethnic
group views things – when deciding whether a place valued by a different sort
of group might be eligible for the Register. We talked about how to apply each
of the criteria for Register eligibility – laid out in Park Service regulations
– to TCPs, and gave examples. We talked about how to study TCPs respectfully,
and we gave a lot of examples – including Mt. Tonaachaw.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Once
a government document is drafted, it has to be reviewed by others, to catch
errors or problems, and resolve disagreements, before it’s finalized. Since the
TCP guidelines were at this point an ACHP initiative, I circulated our draft to
federal agencies, tribes, and various organizations for comment. We got a fair
number of comments, reworked the text as needed, and then with Bob Garvey’s and
the Chairman’s blessing I put it before the full ACHP for review and (we hoped)
approval to be published.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And
the ACHP members did approve it – with one pivotal exception. Dale Lanzone, a
Park Service executive sitting for Secretary Watt, asked that the Council not
approve the document for publication. Considering the power of the Secretary’s
office, the Council members and leadership were duly swayed and tabled it. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As
I recall, Dale was pretty mealy-mouthed in the ACHP open meeting about why
Interior didn’t want the guidelines published, but he was unequivocal about the
Secretary’s opposition, so everything stalled and I went home to name still
another tree after Dale and take my axe to it<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Within
days, however, Pat and I were in Dale’s office, at his invitation<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
and he made it clear that he had no issue with the substance of what we’d put
together. He just didn’t want it issued by the ACHP because really, it was
mostly about National Register eligibility, wasn’t it? So really, the National
Register should publish it, as one of its <i>Bulletins.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Well.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I
recall having an argument with Pat about whether we should agree to Dale’s
proposition, but I don’t remember which of us took which side. By this time
Livy, your grandma and I had been married about ten years, we’d lived through
your dad’s earliest years, and we often could complete one another’s sentences.
But one of us said it was absurd for Dale to waltz in at the eleventh hour,
after all the work was done, and decide that Interior should take credit for
the document. It was probably I who took that position, though that’s not how I
remember it. <o:p></o:p></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
other of us – probably your grandma though again I remember it otherwise –
pointed out that the Park Service had much more political clout than the ACHP,
so publishing as a National Register <i>Bulletin</i> would give the guidelines
greater authority. Besides, Dale was right; the thing <u>was</u> mostly about
Register eligibility. And while even with the support of Jerry Rogers and Larry
Aten (not guaranteed, in that political climate) Pat and I would have been hard
put to get the guidelines accepted by the Register staff, Dale could push them
through with the weight of Secretary Watt’s authority behind him<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And
besides – though I recall having to walk Chairman Cynthia back from fighting it
out with Interior over the matter – we really had no choice. Politically, all
the eggs were in Dale’s basket.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 123.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So
we went to work tinkering with the document – it didn’t take much – and the
result was National Register Bulletin 38: <i>Guidelines for the Identification
and Documentation of Traditional Cultural Properties,</i> first published in
1990<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A lot of ink has been
spilled about Bull38; it’s been cited in a fair amount of litigation, and it’s
been helpful, I think, to quite a few tribes and other indigenous groups trying
to preserve their special places<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. It’s
helped environmental and historic preservation consultants prevail upon their
clients to pay attention to TCPs and consult with those who value them. In the
words of Penny Rucks, an ethnographic consultant in Nevada, “It made it
possible to slow the boat and sometimes welcome others on board<a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Your
grandma often said that Bull38 was the most important thing she and I produced
together – your father excepted, of course. I think that’s probably true. There’s
been an effort in Mister Trump’s Interior Department to make it go away, but I
anticipate that this will fail. In the end, all Bull38 says is what Chitaro
William, and Camillo Noket, and Katin, and Thomas Jefferson said, and
revolutions around the world are illustrating once again in 2020 – that the
government has to listen to the voice of the people.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The conch is shown on the cover of my boring textbook, “Cultural Resource Laws
and Practice” <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6525161-cultural-resource-laws-and-practice">https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6525161-cultural-resource-laws-and-practice</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> My
association of the flunkies’ names with the trees I chopped down in our back
yard on Windsor Street seemingly had no effect on the flunkies, but it
motivated me.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Thanks for then-ACHP Senior Architect, the late John Cullinane for making it
widely quoted.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
NPS now prefers “Places,” and that’s fine with me as it was with Pat.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> I
think this was about the third I’d axed in Dale’s name. I later worked for him
at the General Services Administration, and we got along famously. That’s
Washington.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> I
think he had invited us as the ACHP meeting was breaking up, and he made
reassuring noises. That didn’t stop me from chopping down his tree.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoCommentText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Jerry Rogers, in a comment on a draft of this book, says: “A lot of serendipity
was involved in this. I had been looking
for several years for a way to get that Administration to accept the concept of
“Ethnographic Landscapes” as described by Robert Melnick, and Bulletin 38
provided a way.” It’s getting way too deep in the weeds, but I dislike
“ethnographic landscapes” because they’re envisioned by professionals,
top-down, and what Pat and I were after was bottom-up, recognizing that
people’s values counted, regardless of how professionals construed them.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <a href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB38-Completeweb.pdf">https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB38-Completeweb.pdf</a>
<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Non-indigenous communities have made much less use of it, which I – recalling
Poletown – think is very sad.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Tom%20King/Desktop/2020/00%20Pat%20Book/0-OLIVIA's%20GRANDMA%20--%20illust.docm#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">E-mail to me, 7/4/2020</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div><p><br /></p>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-73251576226145165642020-11-21T06:51:00.000-08:002020-11-21T06:51:20.722-08:00IS “HERITAGE” A VERB?<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Belatedly (on 15<sup>th</sup> November 2020), I’ve become
aware of the word “heritagization.” I’m told it was invented by archaeologist
Kevin Walsh in a 1992 book entitled </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Representation
of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the Post Modern World</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I want to object, in the strongest terms I can,
to its employment</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I learned the word “heritage” as a <u>noun</u>, and I
believe it should remain so. One’s heritage is what one receives from one’s
forebears – be it tangible, intangible, or both. Heritage is mostly a matter of
psychic connection, and it can be deeply personal. I honor the heritage of my
Tennessee ancestors who fought on the wrong side of the American Civil War, the
heritage of my Alsatian ancestors who came to America in the 19<sup>th</sup>
century to make new lives, the heritage of my Scottish ancestors driven out of
the highlands. I honor the heritage of other people – notably the Native
American and Pacific indigenous peoples with whom I’ve long worked, and the indigenous
peoples of Asia, Australia and Africa about whom I’ve learned mostly from
reading. I honor the views of my mostly Anglo-American friends who regard wild
horses and other animals as parts of their heritage, and of my African-American
friends who struggle with a heritage of slavery and Jim Crow and celebrate a
heritage of music and testimony. All these things and many others are
represented by the noun “heritage.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I do <u>not</u> understand “heritage” as a verb. How does
one “heritage” something? Surely it must be possible, or “heritagization” would
have no conceivable meaning. Can I “heritage,” say, my ancestral association
with indigenous people in Appalachia, which may exist but which DNA extraction
has yet to demonstrate? Maybe I can, but to what end? And what would doing so
entail?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In fact, it seems apparent from the writings of Walsh and
others that mere citizens cannot heritage anything. Heritagization seems to be
the exclusive province of <u>heritage authorities</u> – governments, museums,
professionals of various stripes. The notion of heritagization seems to have
arisen in connection with the study of how “authentic” collections of museum
objects are. Is a given object or collection of objects clearly enough
associated with SuchandSo cultural group or activity or process to be blessed
with the title “authentic” by appropriate authorities? From here it has been
picked up by some people outside museums but nonetheless involved in keeping the
physical aspects of “heritage” from harm – mostly academics in historic
preservation and archaeology, it seems – to apply to the subjects of their
practice. It is in this context, particularly, that I feel called upon to raise
red flags.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Does government “heritagize” a place when UNESCO construes
it eligible for the World Heritage List, or when a national government places
it on some state-specific list of special stuff? Do we change its intrinsic
character? No, surely not. We simply r<u>ecognize</u> (verb) that X place(s) –
Great Zimbabwe or Notre Dame Cathedral or the Adena Earthworks (nouns) are
understood (verb) to be parts of our – or someone’s – heritage (noun). We do
not <u>make</u> them so; we stipulate our understanding that they <u>are</u>
so. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
think this is an important distinction. We do not<u> create</u> “heritage;” we <u>recognize</u>
it. Ergo, we can’t “heritage” anything.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
suppose Walsh might reply that while “we” do not heritage – “we” meaning mere
citizens like myself, heritage authorities <u>do</u> heritage. Only they have
the authority to do so. As my Australian colleague Denise Murphy dryly
commented when I mentioned the matter on Facebook (15<sup>th</sup> November
2020): “It sounds more than a tad patronizing to me.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To me, too.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may say, “oh, that’s just postmodern wordsmuthery; they
always write like that.” I’m sure that’s true – I’m all too familiar with what
passes for postmodern discourse. But I keep hoping that postmodernists will
come to understand that words have meaning. And if postmodernists mean what
they say about attending to non-colonial, non-settler views of the world, about
being alive to multivocality, they ought to be careful about such meanings.
When we use words that privilege powerful entities – heritage authorities, for
instance – we <u>unprivilege</u> (is that a word?) those who are <u>not</u>
such entities – in this case, all those who are <u>not</u> heritage
authorities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Look, I have a heritage – of Scottish drovers, of Alsatian
peasants, of Confederate fools – and I don’t need some heritage authority to
rule on whether it exists. My friends and clients have heritages as Lummi,
Potawatomi, Mewuk, Freedmen, western riders and Choon Chuuk; they don’t need
their heritages vetted either. You heritage authorities simply have no business
telling us what our heritage is. We will tell you, and we’ll bloody well expect
you to respect our points of view. Especially if you’re in a position of
authority to influence what happens to the leavings of our heritage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You are, of course, under no obligation to preserve those
leavings; you may, in the weighing and balancing of values that government must
carry out and industry all too often does carry out, you are free in the end to
let our heritage be damned. But you are not free to assume that our heritages
don’t exist unless you, in your magnificence, decide that they exist. You
cannot “heritage” anything. Heritage is <u>not</u> a verb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-53404848291233020492020-11-21T06:49:00.000-08:002020-11-21T06:49:05.508-08:00RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">According to Facebook postings, the signs were posted
around Tottenville, New York around the middle of April 2020: “End the Lockdown
Rally,” they announced. “No mask needed. Bring your children. Non-essential
workers. If you’re sick still come, it’s your right!” The </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">rally
was scheduled for Sunday, April 19<sup>th</sup> on the town’s Conference House
lawn. The signs ended by urging readers to “Keep America Great,” and were
signed “#MAGA #ENDTHESHUTDOWNNYC.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The same sources report that at the appointed hour, no one
showed up on the Conference House lawn except police officers looking to
interview anyone who DID show up<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/9a64d6d8703b5743/Documents/Rights%20and%20Responsibility.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>. This leads me to wonder
whether the posters were parts of a juvenile spoof – perhaps even one
perpetrated by people of my own liberal persuasion.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But what particularly struck me about the posters was the
phrase: “it’s your right.” </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Your <u>right</u>
to come out in the midst of a pandemic, ignoring the best advice of health care
professionals world-wide. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Your <u>right</u>
to endanger yourself and to make yourself a burden on the health care system.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Your <u>right</u>,
potentially, to infect others, cause others to die in agony or suffer life-long
complications.</span></div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“<u>It’s your right</u>!”</span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="tab-stops: 604.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I’ve long wondered about the
fixation we citizens of the United States seem to have with “rights.” </span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It’s almost a reflex with us. Some of us propose that
health care is a “right.” Many assert a “right” to own and use guns. A “right”
to water; a “right” to clean air; a “right” to an abortion; a “right” to use
our property as we wish. And when rights come into conflict, as inevitably they
do, we seldom ask dispassionately: “Why do you think you have that right, and
what does your having it mean in practical terms?” Instead we fight over
whether the right exists and which rights should take priority. These fights
seem seldom to be resolved. Even the rights of ethnic and social minorities,
seemingly nailed down by the 14<sup>th</sup> amendment to the constitution,
remains a subject of contention, and the right of women to vote, theoretically
resolved by the 19<sup>th</sup> amendment, has been slow to enhance women’s
political influence.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I posted an inquiry on Facebook, asking if, in the
experience of my correspondents, citizens of other countries are similarly
rights-obsessed. The responses were generally in the negative, with a few
understandable exceptions – Hong Kong, for example, where recent history has
made people especially sensitive about rights-infringement. Most correspondents
shared my impression that rights-fixation is largely a symptom of residence in
these United States of America – whose residents I’ll call USers<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/9a64d6d8703b5743/Documents/Rights%20and%20Responsibility.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> to distinguish us from
citizens of Mexico and Canada.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I hasten to certify that I am a USer born and bred, with a
birth certificate to prove it, 77 years a resident of the United States with
only a few years spent elsewhere. I am engaging here in self-examination as
much as I am examination of my fellow-citizens.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What is a “Right?”</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The relevant definition of “right” in Merriam-Webster
online is “<span style="background: white; color: #111111;">a moral or legal
entitlement to have or obtain something or to act in a certain way.” We have a
“right” then, if we are entitled to something, or to act somehow. “Right” and “entitlement”
are synonyms. </span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Why Are We
Entitled?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So, why do we think we have “rights?” Why do we think
ourselves entitled to things, conditions, states of existence?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I suppose we can trace the notion back at least to the 13<sup>th</sup>
century Magna Carta, but my impression is that explicit rights-based
intellectual arguments mostly began to be expressed during the Enlightenment of
the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. The United States of America
was another product of the Enlightenment, and the notion of “rights” is very
explicit in this country’s foundational documents. The second paragraph of the
1776 Declaration of Independence begins with the words: </span><br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<i><span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We
hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights….</span></i></div>
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Capitalized in the original.
And in 1789, the first ten amendments to the then shiny new United States
constitution were referred to as the “Bill of Rights,” as they still are. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So our possession of rights
has been fundamental to the thinking of USers since the nation’s beginnings. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But what does it mean to
have a “right?”</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Right to
Life</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Take the first of the rights
listed in the Declaration of Independence: we have the right to life. Is this
true?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Do I have a right to life? I
don’t see why I do, or how I could, at least as a prospective matter. I am glad
to be alive; it is a privilege to be alive; I enjoy being alive, but was I, in
principle before becoming alive – in some pre-living or incorporeal state –
entitled to be this way? I don’t see why, or even how. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Or did I acquire this right <u>after</u>
becoming alive? Being alive, do I have the right to keep myself so as long and
as well as I can? This makes more sense to me, but it’s not without
complications. Am I entitled to stay alive if I’m a burden to society? If it
costs a great deal to keep me alive, and encumbers my family and friends? Do I
have the right to stay alive at 77, when I no longer make much contribution to
society? </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Inuit people, reportedly,
used to put their very elderly out on ice floes to freeze – a relatively
pleasant way to go, I’m told – and the elders are said to have been OK with
this. Were the elders surrendering a fundamental right, or were they just being
responsible members of society?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And of course, there’s the
big question of just when “life” begins. I was conceived, according to my
mother, in early 1942 atop a cedar chest she and my father had received as a
wedding gift. My wife and I tried to replicate the feat when we inherited the
chest, and concluded that my parents had been truly devoted procreators. In any
event, did I acquire my right to life atop that chest, as soon as my father’s
sperm found its way into my mother’s ovum? Or was it at some later point in my
development? If the latter, when? </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I realize that these are
fraught questions; my point is just that they are not easily answered – unless
you do so on the basis of faith, which seems inconsistent with Enlightenment
thinking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Do I, perhaps, have the
right to keep myself alive when I’m somehow endangered? This certainly seems
plausible, but I wonder if it’s exactly a matter of “rights.” It’s instinctive
for me to step out of the way of a speeding automobile, or duck when a mass
murderer starts shooting, but is this exactly a “right?” If it’s instinctual, <u>can</u>
it be an entitlement? This seems to me an exercise in semantics, and it leads
me in circles.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Right to
Liberty</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So let’s try liberty. Do I
have the right to be free, to not be enslaved? Freedom, I think, is a very
desirable state; like life, it’s one I enjoy and do not want to give up. But is
it my right? Am I entitled to it? If so, why, and how does this entitlement
come to be? I don’t have an answer to that; it seems easier to assert than to
support with evidence.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And what does “liberty”
exactly amount to? I saw a posting on Facebook today about a guy who wandered
all over a grocery store, unmasked and happily picking stuff up and putting it
down, perhaps spreading COVID-19 virus in all directions, and loudly proclaimed
to the disapproving folks around him that he had the right to do this because
in the US we have <u>freedom</u>. Freedom and liberty are pretty much synonymous;
was this fellow at liberty to risk the health, even the lives, of those around
him simply because – well, because he’s free? Where would this notion take us –
and civil society?</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Right to a
Pursuit of Happiness</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">My right to pursue happiness
seems to me even more laden with ambiguity. Being a pretty glum sort of guy,
I’m not even sure what “happiness” involves, and I’m not sure I’d feel better
informed if I were a cock-eyed optimist. There’s evidence that many USers
equate happiness with acquiring goods – getting a big glitzy house, a fancy
car, a yacht, a trophy spouse. Can/should they do this as a matter of “right?”
If so, why?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What about the consequences
of that right’s exercise? It surely does have consequences, by affecting
others. Is the trophy spouse happy? How about the servants in the big house?
The crew of the yacht? Perhaps more important are the environmental impacts of
happiness pursuit. Construction of the glitzy house expends Earth’s resources,
uses up land, kills trees and bushes and worms who may not have been happy to
be sacrificed. Construction and operation of the yacht depletes resources too,
and contributes to pollution of the ocean. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the unlikely event I were
able to build a glitzy house, buy a yacht, or shack up with a trophy spouse,
would this be something to which I have a <u>right</u>? I don’t see why. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But of course the right, as
articulated in the Declaration, is not to happiness itself, but to its <u>pursuit</u>.
Do I have the right to <u>pursue</u> a glitzy house, a yacht, a trophy spouse?
I can easily enough say “yes,” but I’m not sure what it achieves.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Right to
Guns</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One right that’s pretty
clearly articulated in the United States constitution is the right to own a weapon.
The Second Amendment says that:</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<i><span style="background: white; color: #181818; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .6pt; line-height: 107%;">…the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall
not be infringed</span></i></div>
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pretty straightforward, but
it’s complicated by its prefatory language, which relates this “right” to the
need to maintain “a well-regulated militia,” and by the great post-constitution
expansion in the range of weaponry arguably definable as “arms.” These
complications have intrigued courts for generations, and show little sign of
being resolved in the near future. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Setting aside the militia
argument, do I have the right to bear <u>any</u> kind of arms? I don’t know
when or how it was decided, but it seems to be widely understood that I am not
entitled to a nuclear weapon, but what about a really big non-nuclear bomb? Or
a smaller one? Or a Claymore Mine like those my pacifist daughter was taught to
arm and fire during her brief career in the Army National Guard? Or a machine
gun? Or a semi-automatic weapon? To what do I <u>not</u> have a right, and why
do I not?</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rights and
Responsibilities</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Without belaboring the
argument, it seems to me that assertions of “rights” lead us into quicksands of
ambiguity – or perhaps onto pinnacles of opinion, from which we shout toward
other pinnacles, stamping our feet and waving our arms. Arguments based on rights
are almost guarantied to be irresoluble. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I wonder what would happen
if we USers dialed back our preoccupation with rights and instead paid more
attention to their flip-side – to <u>responsibilities</u>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Focusing on responsibilities
relieves us of our hangup with “what’s mine,” and causes us to focus on the
conditions of others. It shifts our attention from “how can I get as much as I
can for me and mine” – which is surely at the core of “rights”-based arguments
– to “what should I do to take care of others?”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Consider the “right to
life.” What if it were rephrased as a responsibility to respect life? I for one
have learned to respect – or at least try to respect – all living creatures,
whether animal or vegetable, and for that matter even mineral. This doesn’t
mean that I don’t mow them, trim them, cut them down, eat them or otherwise
exploit them, but it does mean I try to do so with respect. Many if not all
indigenous groups that I know of or have read about typically offer prayers of
thanks to plants and animals before taking them for food; some flint-knappers
offer prayers to stones before they begin working them into tools and weapons.
These prayers, I think, come down to an acknowledgement that we are all in this
existence together, that we are interdependent and reliant on one another.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Exercising responsibility
for the lives of others means, I think, trying to put oneself in the other’s
shoes – or hooves or feet or flippers – and to impinge on those lives as little
as possible while maintaining our own.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Of course, the “right to
life” is fundamental to the “debate,” if it can be called that, over abortion.
Does thinking about abortion from the standpoint of responsibility help us at
all with this horribly divisive issue? Probably not much, but maybe a little.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After her adventure on the
cedar chest, my mother told me many years later, she made vigorous attempts to
abort me. I was – to say the least – an inconvenient embryo; the Depression was
still underway, the U.S. had just been attacked and entered World War II, my
father had answered the call and left an executive position in the automobile
industry to become a Naval officer. So my mother jumped off chairs and
otherwise did what she could to flush me out of her system, but I resisted.
Perhaps I was defending my right to life, though as an adult I did not begrudge
my mother her priorities. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Did my mother have a
responsibility toward me as a fetus? Yes, I’d say so, and so did my father. But
does that mean that she should not have tried to abort me? I’d say, not
necessarily, any more than my responsibility toward other life forms means I
should never consume the flesh of a chicken or a stalk of celery. We
acknowledge our responsibilities, we try to exercise them, and we accept our
faults when our exercises fall short. In my parents’ day the options for birth
control were very limited; today, I’d say we have the responsibility to employ
the methods that are available today to prevent inconvenient, unwanted
pregnancies. When one happens, we have the responsibility to balance the
interests of the fetus with the interests of the parents and everyone else –
including our collective interest in population control – and make a rational
decision. Are we violating the rights of a fetus if we abort it? Sure we are,
just as we’re violating the rights of a chicken that we butcher or a tree that
we cut; we ought to be sorry for this, grateful for the life sacrificed. We
ought to offer appropriate prayers; but we ought to make the decision that
reflects our best judgment as to the welfare of all concerned.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What about the “right to
liberty?” What if we called instead for respecting the liberties, the freedom
of others? Granted, the exercise of those liberties might often conflict with
our own, and with those of other people. Balances would need to be struck, but
perhaps, I think, we might strike them more easily if our starting point was
respect for others’ liberties than if we began with the intent of protecting –
let alone asserting – our own. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Take the liberty-loving guy
in the grocery store. If he were exercising responsibility toward others, would
he have behaved as he did? It’s hard for me to think so. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Similarly with the right to
pursue happiness. Suppose you find happiness with a warm gun. I may be appalled
by this, but if I’m looking at you through the prism of responsibility, I’m
asking myself how your happiness can be maintained without damaging others.
This may lead us into the same old arguments, but they’ll have a different
focus – not do you or do you not have the right to own an AK73 that can fire
7000 rounds per second, but how can you be made happy without infringing on the
happiness of others (e.g. by killing their kids)? This may be no more a
resoluble question than that of who has rights to what kinds of weaponry, but
at least our disagreements might be more civilized.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One of my non-USer Facebook
correspondents noted that others – in contrast with USers – have “something
called ‘for the common good.’” Of course, most USers would insist that we share
this concept, but how often do we act in accordance with it? How often do we
even think about it?</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Conclusion</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In summary, I’m simply wondering
if there might be some advantage in thinking less about our rights, and more
about our responsibilities – to ask ourselves “what are my responsibilities”
whenever we’re tempted to trumpet a right. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I am not saying we should be
compliant sheeple, giving way to those who – I do not doubt – would be happy to
exploit us to advance their narrow interests. But I wonder whether we defeat
our own purpose when we take on this struggle in defense of “rights” rather
than in recognition of responsibilities.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/9a64d6d8703b5743/Documents/Rights%20and%20Responsibility.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> https://www.silive.com/coronavirus/2020/04/no-protesters-show-for-end-the-lockdown-rally-nypd-canvas-conference-house-park.html<br />
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/9a64d6d8703b5743/Documents/Rights%20and%20Responsibility.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Thank you, John Allison.<br />
</div>
</div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-33476175427874407362020-04-13T12:51:00.000-07:002020-04-13T12:51:40.931-07:00TERMINATED! And a New Gig<div class="gmail_default" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">I’ve
terminated my independent consulting firm (Thomas F. King PhD LLC, what a dippy
name) and with gratitude become an employee of Algonquin Consultants, <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.algonquinconsultants.com/&source=gmail&ust=1586893102673000&usg=AFQjCNHrAOm3UGuk-37_yUshrI-lZe-OQg" href="http://www.algonquinconsultants.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc;">http://www.<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>algonquinconsultants.com/</span></a>.
There are a number of reasons for this move, mostly having to do with my
antiquity and my respect for Algonquin’s work.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span>
<div style="word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">I’ll
continue to provide consulting services in heritage/cultural resource management
and related stuff, but will do so through Algonquin and will have the
assistance and collaboration of Algonquin’s talented staff. I'll reman physically embedded in the suburban DC swamp.</span></div>
</div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-73801399445146092292019-11-15T10:17:00.000-08:002019-11-15T10:17:37.291-08:00I Was an Unethical Jerk Back in 1980
<br />
I got a note awhile ago from a respected colleague –
actually a series of notes, sniping at various things I’d written, and when I
responded that s/he seemed to have gotten up on the wrong side of the bed, s/he
revealed that his/her attacks were in retaliation for something I’d done in
1980. In that year, allegedly, I reviewed an archaeological research design by
my colleague and pronounced it unworthy of an expenditure of federal dollars.
But when the federal sponsor went ahead and funded the work, I praised the
result. And – here was the crux – at no time did I contact my colleague to
discuss the matter. This, he/she said, was deeply unethical on my part.<br />
<br />
These kinds of allegations bother me, though I generally yawn
at arguments about ethics. I was further bothered in this instance by the fact
that I don’t remember the case. In 1980 I was about a year into my tumultuous
decade as overseer of compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act (NHPA) for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
(ACHP). I was busy with cases all over the country, and with oversight of three
offices full of very dedicated civil servants – among many other duties.<br />
<br />
I do recall that in that period, I suffered from the conceit
that I might be able to influence U.S. government agencies to fund really
responsible, well-formulated archaeological research to mitigate the impacts of
their activities, so it’s quite likely that I was writing pretty critical
reviews of the ostensible research designs that occasionally crossed my desk.
Mea culpa for that.<br />
<br />
But my colleague’s particular gripe seems to be that I
didn’t contact her/him to discuss the matter. This is the element of her/his
complaint that’s worth attention here, because it reflects not only on me 40
years ago but on every overworked, underpaid project reviewer at the ACHP and
in State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs) and Tribal Historic Preservation
Officers (THPOs) across the nation today. Was it unethical for me to give my
colleague’s research design a raspberry without talking with her/him about it?<br />
<br />
I’ll be happy to receive comments, but I’ll tell you what I
think.<br />
<br />
I think my colleague needs to recognize that my
responsibility back in 1980 – and the responsibility of my equivalents in the
ACHP, SHPOs and THPOs today – was and is first and foremost to the agencies who
asked for our official comments. It was and is they who sought or seek our
advice, and it’s to them that we need to provide it. And we need to provide it
based on a rational review of the information in hand; it is not our
responsibility to go nosing about to find out what is “really” going on.
Arguably, in fact, it would have been quite improper – unethical, if you will –
for me to have rung up my colleague and said “hey, colleague, your research
design really stinks, but is something else going on that I should know about?”
My colleague’s proposal should have stood on its own merits; it was not
my job to ferret out the truth underlying its verbiage.<br />
<br />
Reviewers in agencies like the ACHP, SHPO, and THPO have
lots of stuff to do. Don’t expect them to give your paperwork the same loving
care you lavish on preparing it.<br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-80168955914445767472018-06-11T11:14:00.000-07:002018-06-11T11:14:12.339-07:00Saying Goodbye to Dick and Sam<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I was sorry to learn
recently of the passing of Richard (Dick) Jenrette and Alexander (Sam) Aldrich,
on April 22, 2018 and July 19, 2017 respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Each man had many
accomplishments; you can read Dick’s bio at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/obituaries/richard-jenrette-89-wall-st-power-and-preservationist-dies.html
and Sam’s at http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/saratogian/obituary.aspx?n=alexander-aldrich&pid=186166416&fhid=15540.
I knew them both as Chairmen of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
during the turbulent 1980s. And yes, both wanted to be called by their first
names.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dick was appointed to
the chair by President Jimmy Carter. The rather legendary founder and long-time
head of the Wall Street investment firm Donaldson Lufkin Jenrette, Dick was a
solid old-school preservationist from the Carolinas. He employed creativity and
strategic sensibilities to do well on Wall Street, and he played important
roles in the National Trust for Historic Preservation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dick and the Council’s
Executive Director, the late Bob Garvey (also a Carolinian), saw eye-to-eye on
most things, and they navigated the Council through the difficult transition
into Ronald Reagan’s administration. Specifically, Dick – having been appointed
only a short time before Reagan’s election and thus having time on the clock
before the new president could replace him, politely declined the White House’s
invitation to tender his resignation. He let it be known, though, that he <u>would</u>
resign if the new president would appoint a replacement who – unlike Reagan’s
Secretary of the Interior, James G. Watt – was not devoted to unraveling the
last (then) twenty years or so of environmental and historic preservation law
and regulation. The White House fulminated, but eventually agreed to appoint
Sam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sam had Rockefeller
family connections, and a long history of work in preservation in New York
State, particularly in and around Saratoga Springs. He was charming,
politically astute, and often a lot of fun to work with.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As head of the Advisory
Council’s Section 106 shop, I was somewhat insulated from the Chairmen, but I
very much respected both Dick and Sam. Dick oversaw our bruising encounters
with the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the city governments
of New York and Detroit over the Morosco Theater (New York) and Hudson’s
Department Store (Detroit). We failed to achieve meaningful preservation of
anything in either case – both buildings were demolished – but we tried hard to
make sure that local preservation interests had such opportunities as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">realpolitik</i> allowed to influence
government decision-making. In the Morosco Theater case, one of my letters was
accurately characterized in the media as “the plaintive wailings of an
embattled bureaucrat;” in the Hudson’s case, Detroit mayor Coleman Young let my
colleagues and me know in no uncertain terms that no honky bureaucrats were
going to stand in the way of his redevelopment schemes. And he was right, but
we in the trenches appreciated the support and insulation from the White House
that Dick gave us.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sam was much more part
of my life, overseeing the rework of the Section 106 regulations and the
complex struggle to keep the Department of the Interior from emasculating the
Council, un-funding the State Historic Preservation Officers, and generally
wreaking havoc with all aspects of federal historic preservation other than tax
credits; <u>those</u> were OK, since they benefitted well-to-do property
owners. It was also on Sam’s watch that we began serious interactions with Indian
tribes. Highlights I remember are the Council meeting on the Navajo Reservation
as guests of the Navajo Nation and our consultations with the National Congress
of American Indians, Native American Rights Fund, and American Indian Movement
about how tribal historic properties and concerns (notably about ancestral
graves) should be addressed in Section 106 review. Though Sam had little
personal acquaintance with tribal concerns, he had marched from Selma to
Montgomery with Martin Luther King, and was unfailingly considerate and
respectful of tribal and minority concerns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both Dick and Sam, of
course, interacted with the Council staff through our inimitable executive
director Bob Garvey, without whose energy, intelligence, and
political wile nothing would have been possible. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sam was eventually
succeeded by Cynthia Grassby-Baker, who was very much part of the G.H.W. Bush
administration. Though I – like my colleagues – was pretty dubious about
Cynthia, it intrigued me that unlike Sam and Dick, she was <u>not</u> part of
the traditional eastern preservation establishment. It was on Cynthia’s watch
that the Council approved what was (under National Park Service auspices) to
become National Register Bulletin 38, addressing the need to respect the
significance of traditional cultural places. Bulletin 38 was in many ways a
reflection of Reagan-era populism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But Dick and Sam – with
Bob – made it possible for the national historic preservation program to
survive and thrive during the difficult years of the Reagan administration, and
to maintain and improve a regulatory process built on broadly-defined multi-party
consultation. I’ll remember them all with respect and admiration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-33642128621317842502018-06-03T06:25:00.000-07:002018-06-04T13:42:52.632-07:00The 2018 "To Bridge a Gap" Conference<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’m grateful to the Muscogee Nation and the USDA Forest
Service – specifically The Mark Twain National Forest’s Daniel Cain – for making
it possible for me to take part in the 17<sup>th</sup>(!) annual “To Bridge a
Gap” conference, May 21-25, at the Muscogee Nation’s River Spirit Casino Resort
on the bank of the Arkansas River in Tulsa, Oklahoma.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I understand it, the conference began when a few members
of multiple tribes and several Forest Service archaeologists decided there were
mutual benefits in collaboration in cultural resource/heritage management and
environmental issues, an forthwith began meeting to explore possibilities. The
event has grown in all directions; this year it involved close to 400 people
from many tribes, several federal agencies besides the Forest Service, and a
good many people from consulting firms. Participation by high-level Forest
Service management was impressive, with managers in active attendance from
multiple Regional Offices and the Washington Office. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
was also well represented, as were several State Historic Preservation
Officers. Tribal Historic Preservation Officers were everywhere.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two things stood out for me.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, although the Forest Service – to say nothing of other
agencies – still mostly hires archaeologists to fill its heritage program jobs,
it’s clear that those in such jobs recognize that their responsibilities aren’t
largely focused on taking care of, or digging, archaeological sites. There
seemed to be widespread recognition that “heritage” involves people,
communities, and all those aspects of the environment that people and
communities value – water, plants, animals, landscapes, viewsheds and
smellscapes, among others. My opening-session blather about traditional cultural
places (TCPs) seemed positively old-hat, to me at least.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Second, I was impressed by the real sense of collegiality
that everyone seemed to exude. I wasn’t in the executive sessions between
tribes and regional offices, where perhaps some head-butting occurred, but in
the public sessions there seemed to be a high level of mutual understanding and
respect. During the magnificent meals that we all dug into three times each
day, it looked to me like people from all the tribes, agencies and other
entities were cheerfully breaking frybread together. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It rather astounded me that this was the 17<sup>th</sup>
TBAG conference, and I’d known nothing about it before Dan Cain invited me to
take part. It’s remarkable, and rather chastening, to learn that such a
collaborative enterprise could have developed in this century, quite under my
radar. But it was very, very encouraging, and I hope the participants go on to
bigger and even better things next year and beyond.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-22138307057990095702018-04-22T10:47:00.000-07:002018-04-22T10:47:36.052-07:00Crossing the Talbot Avenue Bridge<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On April 21, 2018, I visited the Talbot Avenue Bridge in
Silver Spring, Maryland. The bridge, which spans the CSX Railroad tracks, has
for the last century been the main connection between the largely
African-American community of <span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;">Lyttonsville and the more upscale
white neighborhoods across the tracks, as well as the Georgia Avenue corridor
into the District of Columbia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AxurC7zMDbg/WtzHqBscwPI/AAAAAAAADwg/qCWfABMJOTwfrh1v2oXk1uH6und9ufWaQCLcBGAs/s1600/20180421_111601.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AxurC7zMDbg/WtzHqBscwPI/AAAAAAAADwg/qCWfABMJOTwfrh1v2oXk1uH6und9ufWaQCLcBGAs/s320/20180421_111601.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
The gathering on the bridge</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The occasion for my visit was the installation of a “pop-up
park” on the bridge by my colleague and friend, historian David Rotenstein, who
has made it his business to remind us here in liberal Montgomery County – and
coincidentally in my birthplace, Decatur, Georgia – of our Jim Crow traditions.
Perhaps a hundred people attended. David and his colleagues had affixed
interpretive placards to the bridge rails, and there was a “conversation
corner” where people could share stories about the bridge and their
communities. There were speeches, by David and by elders of the
African-American community. The elders talked of the role the bridge had played
in the life of their community, as essentially their only connection with the
outside world and the larger society and economy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Why was the event staged? Because the century-old bridge
will soon be demolished to make way for the “Purple Line,” a largely federally
funded rapid transit project. Katherine Shaver’s September 24, 2016 story in
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Washington Post</i> tells the tale:
see <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/a-bridge-that-linked-black-and-white-neighborhoods-during-segregation-soon-will-be-lost-to-history/2016/09/24/59df40dc-7ab0-11e6-bd86-b7bbd53d2b5d_story.html?utm_term=.f88831912344">https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/a-bridge-that-linked-black-and-white-neighborhoods-during-segregation-soon-will-be-lost-to-history/2016/09/24/59df40dc-7ab0-11e6-bd86-b7bbd53d2b5d_story.html?utm_term=.f88831912344</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KupJR3InAEA/WtzIVZp2D9I/AAAAAAAADwo/fz4vHAU3Y5krjJEGXsBN-xXKiVoF26YGgCLcBGAs/s1600/20180421_113933_resized.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="756" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KupJR3InAEA/WtzIVZp2D9I/AAAAAAAADwo/fz4vHAU3Y5krjJEGXsBN-xXKiVoF26YGgCLcBGAs/s320/20180421_113933_resized.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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Lyttonsville elder Charlotte Coffield (L) confers with </div>
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David Rotenstein (R). The white taped line symbollically</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
represented the division between Black (B) and White (W) communities</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A couple of the placards recounted the history of the Purple
Line’s environmental impact assessment under Section 102(c) of the National
Environmental Policy Act and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation
Act. In the course of this assessment, based on a consultant’s report, the
bridge was found eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, but
only as a work of engineering. Its sociocultural significance seems to have
been entirely ignored.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I take it that the existing Talbot Avenue Bridge will be
replaced by a modern structure capable of spanning the widened railroad tracks,
so the connective tissue it represents will be maintained. And history has
moved on; Montgomery County is no longer the segregated set of communities it
once was (though in these difficult times, even here segregationist attitudes
occasionally resurface). So maybe losing the bridge is no big deal. But damn,
people, is it really right for a property like the Talbot Avenue Bridge to be
evaluated for the National Register, and hence considered under Section 106, purely
as a piece of engineering? Should its traditional cultural value not have been
considered, leading in this case – perhaps – to a more respectful outcome?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-93wpkp9eSig/WtzJoSfTmYI/AAAAAAAADw0/ZqkAH7o4PyY-l9tmFMJPep-gNafSwXrkACLcBGAs/s1600/20180421_111356.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-93wpkp9eSig/WtzJoSfTmYI/AAAAAAAADw0/ZqkAH7o4PyY-l9tmFMJPep-gNafSwXrkACLcBGAs/s320/20180421_111356.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Among the "popup park's" markers</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I know, there’s King flapping his lips again about
traditional cultural places. And this time after the fact. No argument; I just
think it’s sad that once again Section 106 review – and NEPA review – of
impacts on a place of cultural significance to a community has been
short-circuited by narrowminded application of the National Register criteria.
I guess I should be used to it by now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-14763807317610285032017-09-09T08:20:00.000-07:002017-09-09T08:20:53.194-07:00It’s Not Optional, Stupid<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
I’m involved in several Section 106 cases – that is, project
reviews under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act – in which
federal agencies (or the project proponents who very often stand in for them)
have declined to consider the possible eligibility of traditional cultural
places (TCPs) for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). They
generally excuse their lassitude by saying that it’s just too challenging or
complex or demanding of thought to consider such places.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I just want to say to such folks – and to the State Historic
Preservation Officers (SHPOs) and Tribal Historic Preservation Officers (THPOs)
who may be flim-flammed by them – that <b><u>it’s
not optional, stupid.</u></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Section 106 regulations, at 36 CFR §800.4(c)(1),
say:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">….the agency official shall apply the National
Register criteria …</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> to properties
identified </span><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;">within the area of
potential effects that </span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">have not been
previously evaluated for </span><span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;">National
Register eligibility.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;">Now, granted, it doesn’t
say <u>all</u> properties – and there’s a pragmatic reason for that. Nobody can
ever be sure they’ve even <u>found</u> all the properties in a given project’s
area of potential effects that might be eligible for the NRHP. But for pity’s
sake, the regulations also don’t say “apply the criteria only to those
properties you find convenient.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;">In each of the cases with
which I’m currently dealing, one or more consulting parties have asserted that
the place in question is an NRHP-eligible TCP, and in most cases they’ve put
forward a good deal of evidence. As I read the regulations, these are clearly
places to which the responsible (sic) federal agency <u>must</u> apply the NRHP
criteria, in consultation with the SHPO and – if they’re exercising due
diligence – other consulting parties. The agency may apply them poorly,
stupidly, misguidedly or under the influence of politics, money, or drugs, but
it is not permitted just to say “oh, that’s too hard so I won’t do it.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;">I think the confusion on
this point may arise from the fact that an agency <u>is</u> permitted to defer <u>nominating</u>
a place under its jurisdiction to the NRHP – that is, filling out all the
paperwork and formally proposing that it be solemnly inscribed in the list for
ever and ever, world without end. But read my digits, people, <u>determining
eligibility and nomination are not the same animals</u>! They’re done for
different reasons, in different management contexts. Any agency historic
preservation person ought to know that; any SHPO or THPO ought to know that. It’s
absurd that this should even be an issue any more.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;">And please don't ask me, all owly-eyed, "what happens if people don't agree about eligibility. Sheesh!</span></div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-82280957140140391712017-04-23T06:23:00.000-07:002017-04-23T06:28:42.183-07:00Supporting Science, Saving the Planet<div class="MsoNormal">
I recently engaged in a Facebook exchange with astronomer
Reed Riddle and astrophysicist Rebecca Oppenheimer about a widely circulated
4-minute video featuring pop-science superstar Neil DeGrasse Tyson (http://americannewsx.com/sciencetech/neil-degrasse-tyson-shared-important-words-ever-spoken-video/
) – about the importance of science and how it must be supported. I thought it
was a dreadful video: arrogant, condescending, simpleminded, insulting to its
viewers, unlikely to do anything other than inflate Tyson’s already well-puffed
ego and rub the tummies of those – like me – who already believe that science
is vital to our survival. Reed and Rebecca patiently explained that I simply
didn’t understand. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the process of thus putting me in my place, they invited
me to advise them about how I’d pitch a 4-minute video to the unwashed masses
making the same point. I’ve thought a bit about this, and here’s my outline:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Have
the pitch-person be someone who’s more likely than Tyson to connect with
the average Trump voter. I don’t know who that would be, because I’ve lost
track of the world’s celebrities, but I’m sure such a person could be
found.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Make
the following points:<o:p></o:p></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal">The
world is in really serious trouble. We’ve got:<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Way too many people, and making more all the time;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A changing climate that’s reflected quite objectively
in things like sea level rise and shrinking glaciers; we can argue about why
it’s happening, but there’s no real question that it IS happening;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Far too many weapons of mass destruction, many in the
hands of deeply untrustworthy parties;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>iv.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dangerous levels of social and economic inequality;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>v.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pollution that’s fouling the seas and land, and killing
off our fellow residents on the planet; and<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>vi.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->On and on and on…<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal">We
humans may or may not be entirely responsible for all these crises, but
we’ve certainly contributed to them all.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Science
bears a fair share of blame, for making overpopulation easy, for
providing the comforts that have made it possible for us to add heat to
the atmosphere and generate pollutants, for creating weapons of mass destruction and slow suffocation, etc.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">If
we and our fellow residents are going to survive, we need to take action.
All of us.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">What
can we do?<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->If you believe in a higher power, pray; ask forgiveness
for what we’ve done, and beg for help.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Stop having so many babies.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Reduce, reuse, recycle, and<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>iv.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->In the immortal words of Matt Damon (There’s one
celebrity I remember), science the shit out of it. Although there are plenty of
dangers in what may be portrayed as scientific solutions (Remember Fukashima and beware geoengineering),
we need to put all options on the table and figure out which ones have the best
chance for success with the least risk. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>v.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->This requires supporting science and science education.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Squeeze that into 4 minutes? I think it could be done, but
doing so is beyond my technical capability.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There, Reed and Rebecca; another bit of poorly informed silliness for you to ignore. Though thanks, Reed, for the link to http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2017/04/explaining_science_won_t_fix_information_illiteracy.html?wpsrc=sh_all_dt_fb_bot -- which I think rather makes my point.</div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-20637214662657158612017-03-26T04:53:00.000-07:002017-03-26T04:53:39.962-07:00Populism and the Environment: A Book?<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The mainstream media these days seems routinely to associate <i>"populism"</i> with the simplistic xenophobia, protectionism, and racism that lurks behind the Trumpista movement in the U.S., the rush to Brexit in the U.K., and anti-immigrant fever across Europe. This strikes me as unfortunate and limiting. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The definitions of "populist" and "populism" with which I grew up are still to be found in a simple on-line search: Merriam-Webster Online defines "populist" as ""<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; letter-spacing: 0.64px;">a believer in the rights, wisdom, or virtues of the common people," or one who belongs to a political party espousing such beliefs. Wikipedia defines "populism" as proposing that "the common people are exploited by a privileged elite." It goes on to note that "(t)he underlying ideology of populists can be left, right, or center."</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; letter-spacing: 0.64px;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; letter-spacing: 0.64px;">Those definitions resonate with me, and it seems a shame to lose them. I can't do anything to rescue populism from its misuse by politicians and the media in general, but I wonder if there might be something to be done within the little chunk of public policy in which I very occasionally have a modicum of influence -- environmental "protection," management, and impact assessment.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; letter-spacing: 0.64px;">I've long thought of myself as an environmental populist. One of my favorite books on environmental matters is Frank Fischer's <i>Citizens, Experts, and the Environment,</i> (</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; letter-spacing: 0.64px;">https://www.dukeupress.edu/citizens-experts-and-the-environment). Fischer applauded "c</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">itizens who actively challenge the imposition of expert theories that ignore forms of local knowledge that can help to relate technical facts to social values." He wrote about the need for "environmental politics" to accommodate this kind of populism.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I've spent most of my career trying to help citizens -- often but not always indigenous citizens and other ethnic and social minorities -- with the assessment and resolution of environmental impacts, with special reference to cultural issues. It seems timely to me, with the 2018 U.S. election looming, to think a little more broadly about populism and the environment. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Being an old guy, who can't quite get used to the fact that people don't read books any more, I'm driven to imagine doing a book. Not writing it, but maybe helping edit it. A book that picks up where Fischer left off and promotes a kind of environmentalism -- and environmental impact regulation -- that broadly respects local knowledge and "the rights, wisdom, (and) virtues of the common people," A book that might appeal to some who lean toward Trump and Brexit -- as well as Sanders, Corbyn, and the various Green parties -- and perhaps to the broader-minded and less compromised elements of the mainstream elite.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Google informs me that there are already some books and journals that deal with environmental populism, but those I've reviewed seem to me altogether too deadly academic. I'm thinking of something short, snappy, and to the point. Chapters of, say, 2000 words each (an arbitrary and capricious number, but the point is, <i>short</i>), on such matters as:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Air Quality</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Water Quality</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Land Use Planning</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Energy</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Wildlife </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Population and Fisheries </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Social Impacts</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Endangered/Threatened Species</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Population Growth</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Ecosystem Management</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Climate Change</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">and of course...</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Populism and Cultural Heritage</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Plus, doubtless, several more. Each outlining how the "</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">rights, wisdom, (and) virtues of the common people" can and should be factored into environmental management and impact assessment/resolution.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">All aimed at maybe getting governments to adopt more humane approaches to the environment than those to which most now give lip service -- approaches that might actually work better than the often nonsensical stuff we now have in place, and that might be supported by a wide swath of the public.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "gotham" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">What do you think? Anybody want to grab this ball and run with it? </span>Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-63050752992300728892017-03-20T04:21:00.000-07:002017-03-20T04:21:18.449-07:00CONSULTATION, DICTATION, AND DRUIDS ON THE SALISBURY PLAIN<div class="MsoNormal">
I’m grateful to my sister, Mary Nell McCann, for passing
along the April 21, 2014 issue of the <i>New
Yorker,</i> which contains an excellent article on Stonehenge and the Salisbury
Plain by Laura Miller (“Romancing the Stones,” pp. 48-54). It’s a nice
portrayal of the Plain’s management issues, and of then-current archaeological
findings and conclusions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What struck me as worth writing about here and now, though, was what
Miller said about <b>consultation</b>. Specifically consultation about whether
excavated human remains should be exhibited in the on-site museum. She quotes
Christine Cleere (I have to wonder if she’s related to Henry) of the neo-pagan/Druid
group called Honoring the Ancient Dead, or HAD, as follows:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“the main issue over these displays is about consultation,
because they were put in without any form of consultation whatever.”</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Miller immediately goes on to ask:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“But why should archaeologists consult Druids about handling
prehistoric remains?”</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And after a rather simplistic review of how consultation on
such matters is handled in the U.S. under the Native American Graves Protection
and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), she goes on to quote University of Bristol archaeologist
Mark Horton: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“There’s no genetic or direct cultural connection between
contemporary pagan groups and the people whose remains are displayed here. I
have as much right to determine their fate as they do.”</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yes, Mark, no doubt you do. And is the converse not also true? Does it not follow that <u>they</u> have as
much right as <u>you</u> do to determine the fate of the remains? Is that not the very reason that you and your colleagues bloody well need to
consult them?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Or do you think that because you have “as much right” as they
do to determine what happens to the remains, you have the right to make that
determination unilaterally? If so, why? Because you’re an archaeologist? Not a
pagan? Or what?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It strikes me that Horton, and Miller, have fallen into what
seems to be the common trap of confusing <b>CONSULTATION</b> with <b>DICTATION (</b>by which
I mean dictating an outcome, not reciting words for faithful transcription). This confusion
is widespread. Land managers, project planners, and regulators, for instance, exhibit it when they don't consult with indigenous groups or local residents because, in
the relevant country’s legal system, those groups don’t have the authority to
dictate outcomes. They also exhibit it by "consulting" only pro-forma, getting "input" and ignoring it. Courts exhibit the same confusion when they let government agencies get away with it -- as the Corps of Engineers has been allowed to on the Dakota Access Pipeline.<br />
<br />
Thanks to this confusion, consultation has come to be regarded as a zero-sum game; it's all or nothing. If you don’t
have the power to dictate an outcome, "consultation" with you can be reduced to mere bureaucratic fluff.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What ever happened to the notion of reasoning together? Of
recognizing that different groups have varying interests, and that good public
policy demands that we try to achieve meetings of the minds? To practice the fine art of compromise?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ironically, in the Stonehenge case the folks from HAD,
according to Miller, have actually proposed what seems like a pretty reasonable
compromise – one that’s NOT acceptable to a lot of comparably situated Native American groups. That
is to use faithful replicas of the disinterred human remains in the exhibits,
and put the real bones back in the ground. But the archaeologists, apparently,
having the power, won’t go along even with that. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
British colleagues, can you enlighten us about any of this? <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-28062347486541086542017-01-25T15:55:00.003-08:002017-01-25T16:03:44.707-08:00Prudence (Prue) Draper: 1930-2017<i>I'm mourning the passing of my sister Prue Draper, who among a legion of other accomplishments was a distinguished local historian and historic preservation advocate in Cotati, California, a city that she and her late husband Lloyd did much to create. Here's the obituary I prepared, which is a bit longer than the one published in the Santa Rosa Press Democrat yesterday.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KuLWCSi17Qs/WIk8iNoGoaI/AAAAAAAACvo/6vozBDYl0mArtkkSwliiDJQa3T5wbTKUACLcB/s1600/AccFestcropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KuLWCSi17Qs/WIk8iNoGoaI/AAAAAAAACvo/6vozBDYl0mArtkkSwliiDJQa3T5wbTKUACLcB/s320/AccFestcropped.jpg" width="308" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>2009 Cotati Accordian Festival. L-R: Recycle bin, Prue Draper, Pat Parker, some guy </i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>clapping out of synch</i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prue Draper, a pillar of the Cotati community, died at her
home on January 21<sup>st</sup>, 2017.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Born Prudence King in Cleveland, Ohio in 1930, Prue was the
oldest child of Ted and Helen King. She moved with them as a sub-teen to
Atlanta, Georgia, where her three siblings were born. With them and her mother she
traveled by train to San Diego in 1943 when Ted was deployed by the Navy to the
Pacific. She recounted how her mother had her dress in her Girl Scout uniform
to encourage respect from the other passengers, and how she and her sister and
brother would form a protective circle around their mother to protect her from
prying eyes as she nursed their infant brother. From San Diego the family moved
north as the war progressed, and in 1946 bought a chicken ranch in Petaluma.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prue detested chicken ranching, but put up with it through
her high school years, gamely vaccinating chickens, “scratching eggs” to remove
clinging chicken poop, plucking and cleaning chickens for the pot, and
performing the myriad other chores required of a small and struggling egg
operation. She escaped gladly to the University of California, Berkeley on a
scholarship, but fell victim to pneumonia and had to drop out of school after
two years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Back in Sonoma County, in 1949 she met Lloyd B. Draper, then
a semi-itinerant printer from Martinez. After a courtship during which Lloyd tried
to teach her to drive a car – through a neighbor’s front fence – they married
in 1951 and took over operation of <i>The
Cotatian,</i> then Cotati’s weekly newspaper. Building a house in Hessel and
later moving to School Street in Cotati, the couple operated <i>The Cotatian</i> until 1966. Both gathered
news, wrote stories, shot and developed photographs, sold advertisements and
marketed the paper. Both operated the huge, clanking linotypes that cast printing
type as lead slugs; these they locked into heavy page frames that Lloyd hefted
into the massive press to churn out the printed pages. Their children – Bob, Robin and then Jay – played in a back
room as the machinery roared. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Prue and Lloyd were active in the life of the
then-unincorporated town of Cotati, including efforts to site a new state
college campus there. When Rohnert Park was established in 1962 and launched an
aggressive growth initiative, they were leaders in the successful drive to
resist absorption by incorporating Cotati as a city in its own right. Lloyd
served as Cotati’s mayor, and Prue sat on the City’s Design Review Committee.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, <i>The
Cotatian</i> succumbed to the technology and economics of the digital age. With
its demise, Lloyd worked as a printer in San Francisco, Sebastopol, and Sonoma,
and Prue as a reporter and writer for the <i>Argus-Courier</i>,
<i>Press Democrat</i> , and <i>Rohnert Park-Cotati Times</i>. She also
worked at the Hewlett-Packard plant in Rohnert Park. Real estate they had acquired on Cotati’s
Plaza began to produce a stable income, and both Prue and Lloyd were able to
enjoy semi-retirement after about 1990, remaining active in civic affairs.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The tragic loss of their son Jay (Jeffrey Edward) in a 1975
motorcycle crash was devastating to Prue and Lloyd, but they responded with
typical grace and creativity, joining the Peace Corps and working for two years
in Samo’a – Prue as a teacher, Lloyd as a newspaper publisher. They made
lifelong friends in Samo’a, and retained lifelong interests in its people and
culture. Samo’a launched them on a series of travel adventures that took them
around the Pacific and to the Amazon, the Andes, Mexico, Central America, Europe
and Africa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Back in Cotati, Prue and Lloyd plunged into a range of civic
affairs. Prue served on the Cotati School District Advisory Committee, the
Cotati Chamber of Commerce, and the Sonoma County Library Foundation. A
tangible reminder of their civic engagement is Cotati’s Lloyd and Prue Draper
Park. Another memorial was proposed by Cotati city leaders in the form of the
plaque and base under the Athena sculpture on the Plaza, not far from the old <i>Cotatian</i> shop. But as reported in the
November 24, 2010 <i>Community Voice</i>:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="background: white; color: #2b2105; font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">…in no
uncertain terms, Draper declined the honor and stated that her preference was
for the plaque to be dedicated to the Cotati Historical Society.</span></i><i><span style="color: #2b2105; font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">"We dedicated our lives to the Historical
Society and the credit should go to the organization," she said. "It
makes sense for it to be about the Historical Society, not individuals."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">What if her wishes are ignored and the plaque is
named in honor of Lloyd and Prue Draper?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">"I'll throw eggs at it," she said.
"I will!"<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="color: #2b2105; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///D:/2017/Obit/Obit%201.4.docx#_ftn1" title="">[1]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///D:/2017/Obit/Obit%201.4.docx#_ftn1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: #2b2105; font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"><span style="background: white;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
Prue served as the city’s
unofficial historian, spearheading establishment of the Cotati Historical Society
and Museum. She spent many hours every week welcoming visitors to the Museum,
composing its newsletter, receiving donated objects and organizing collections.
The City government drew on her expertise whenever a new street had to be
named; Prue could find one grounded in the area’s history, and provide its bona
fides. Deputy City Clerk Lauren Berges
calls her “an
amazing pillar of the community, a magnificent historian, and true gem of the
City.” And City
Councilmember John Dell’Osso says: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i>Prue
Draper has been a pillar in our community. Along with her husband Lloyd, they
have made Cotati what it is today.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Prue was also an energetic supporter of Sonoma State University’s
library and community outreach activities. Michelle Covington, Sonoma State’s
Director of Development, says:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i>Few
people are as involved in so many areas of University life
as Prue was at Sonoma State. From her involvement and support of the
University Library to her interest in uplifting the community through the
Donald & Maureen Green Music Center to a strong commitment to personal
growth via the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, Prue’s presence and
partnership with the University were significant, greatly appreciated and will
be missed. </i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Besides her civic activities, Prue and Lloyd danced with the
Petaluma Cotillion and traveled by recreational vehicle with the Happy Hookups.
In 2004 they co-authored a book on Cotati in the popular “Images of America”
series, lavishly illustrated with historical photographs (https://www.amazon.com/Cotati-Images-America-Prudence-Draper/dp/0738528730).</div>
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<br /></div>
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Lloyd succumbed to pneumonia and heart failure in 2010;
after taking a trip alone that they had planned to take together – to
Argentina, Antarctica, and Easter Island -- Prue remained active in the life of
the city and the university, the Historical Society and her family. She was a
leader in efforts to preserve Cotati’s historical heritage, for example
coordinating the successful 2014 campaign to save and relocate the city’s rare
chimera redwood. In 2013 she was honored with the Woman of the Year award for
California’s 3<sup>rd</sup> Senate District. Much loved by her far-flung family, she
sponsored several large and boisterous reunions in rented beach houses at
Bodega Bay. Her niece, Kerrie McCann of Chula Vista, recalls:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="background: white;">Her
birthday/family reunions have been such a wonderful gift to our family, helping
us know and stay in touch with the Clan. And every holiday she would wrap up
and mail to us some collection of fun things for my kids to enjoy - Easter egg
kits at Easter, Gingerbread houses & Advent Calendars at Christmas,
Valentines candies & cards for Valentines, and on and on. Colt especially
loved doing the Gingerbread houses this year all in the midst of our crazy
move. He kept reminding his grandma and me that we had to make the Gingerbread
houses from Prue! Even though she was not in our daily lives, my children know
and love her. Such generosity of heart in helpful, fun ways! I loved her and
miss her!</span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prue’s health began a rapid decline in January 2017. Some
suspect that as a lifelong Democrat she fled the onset of the Trump
administration, but that is nonsense; Prue was not one to run from an uphill
fight. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Prue’s long-term friend and colleague,
journalist Gaye LeBaron, says:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="background: white;">There is no one
who has stood taller and steadier in the pursuit of local journalism and
history than Prue Draper. As owners, editors, reporters and printers of the
weekly Cotatian in the 1950s, Prue and her late husband Lloyd Draper guided
that community from farm town to municipality with respect for the past and a
vision for the future. Among her many titles, including women's editor of the
Petaluma Argus Courier, executive secretary at Hewlett-Packard's Cotati plant,
and founding president of the Cotati Historical Society, Prue was also – in her
retirement years and my last years as a full-time columnist—the asistant in my
Press Democrat office, where her reporting skills, editorial ability and, most
of all, her sense of humor, served me and my readers well. She was my good
friend and I will miss her terribly.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prue is survived by her son and daughter, Robert Lloyd and
Robin Elise Draper of Cotati, by her granddaughter Erin Roman of Santa Rosa,
her sister Mary Nell McCann, her brothers J. Stanton King and Thomas F. King,
and many nieces and nephews.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><i>All of whom are grief-stricken, but in Prue's own tradition, will carry on.</i></o:p></div>
<br />
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<a href="file:///D:/2017/Obit/Obit%201.4.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> http://www.thecommunityvoice.com/archive_article/news/2066<o:p></o:p></div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-31759815379112888662017-01-20T13:51:00.000-08:002017-01-20T13:51:43.596-08:00What I Hope<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
January 20, 2017; Silver Spring, Maryland<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Donald Trump was sworn in today in as the 45<sup>th</sup>
president of the United States. Many of us wonder if he’ll be the last.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I won’t belabor the reasons for our collective angst – they’re
familiar, and have been beaten to death. Suffice to say that I thought him an
appalling candidate, and am unlikely to forgive the Democratic Party
establishment and corporate media for inflicting him and his Republican friends
on the world. And I keep “remembering”
how the Roman Republic and the Athenian democracy and the Weimar Republic gave
way to oligarchy and fascism, each such catastrophe contained by the relatively
small populations involved and their inability either to totally screw the
environment or unleash weapons of mass destruction. I fear for my
grandchildren, and apologize to them, for what little that’s worth.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But I am also not entirely without hope. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first president on whose campaign I worked was John F.
Kennedy, and I was devastated when he was assassinated. Not only because of his
tragic loss but because it meant we were stuck with Lyndon B. Johnson, who
seemed pretty much the opposite of Kennedy and was, as some columnist or other
pointed out the other day, not unlike Trump in a lot of ways – coarse, vulgar,
narcissistic, ready and willing to play fast and loose with law, ethics, and propriety.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And yet, with respect to civil rights, the interests of
ordinary citizens, and – especially relevant to me, as it turned out,
environmental protection – Johnson turned out to be a fine, important, perhaps
even great president. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Can Trump be something similar? Is it sheer Pollyannaism to
imagine the possibility?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Much of our public life has become constipated. I was
reminded of this yesterday as I composed comments to send the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers about scoping the environmental impact statement on the Dakota
Access Pipeline. I spent a good deal of time on the comments, all the while
being quite certain that they’d be ignored, be meaningless. Why? Not because the
Corps is made up of great villains intent on destroying the environment or
abusing Indian tribes, but simply because they’re part of a system that can no
longer even acknowledge citizen concerns, that’s gone beyond being influenced
by those it’s supposed to serve. Which,
along with the arrogance of a lot of people in power, was (I think) pretty much
the basis for Trump’s rise.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Part of this, I think, is the legacy of the Johnson years
and those that followed – the vesting of faith in the regulatory state, its
experts, and its lawyers. It began
innocently, as a means of serving the public, protecting the weak, undoing the
damage done by untrammeled industrialism and racism, avoiding further
destruction and abuse. But depending as it did on experts, on regulations, on
bureaucracies, it pretty quickly grew into an impassable thicket, impenetrable
to and contemptuous of the ordinary citizen. In which – to pick a tiny example
close to my heart (or some organ), we can have two mutually contradictory
regulations and about twoscore pieces of theoretically authoritative government
guidance about how to determine places eligible for the National Register of
Historic Places, some of which contradict each other and most of which utterly
ignore the concerns of those who live, work, or recreate in and around historic
places. And a system for implementing those regulations, applying that
guidance, in which local people trying to get their cultural values considered
have to engage pricy consultants – like me – to put their views into terms that
bureaucrats can’t <u>too</u> easily ignore. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is nuts. It’s an absurd situation, it’s
anti-democratic, and it badly needs to be fixed. I’ve pretty much come to
believe that it can’t be fixed without doing a whole lot of demolition first,
and perhaps, just <u>perhaps</u>, the Trump administration will set the
necessary forces in motion at least to do the demolition, if not to encourage
building something better.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We need to rethink the regulatory state model; see if we can
come up with something more responsive to reality, less prone to abuse. I have
no reason to think that Trump and his pals are at all motivated to accomplish
any such thing, but I didn’t expect much of Johnson, either.<o:p></o:p></div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-63829977716820126842017-01-20T06:59:00.001-08:002017-01-20T06:59:43.693-08:00A Commentary on the HAT Entries<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
Since it was my competition, my prize, and this is my blog, I’m
going to give myself the luxury of commenting here on all the entries we received. Other judges -- and readers so inclined -- are welcome to do the same.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I actually was rather disappointed with all the entries, though
I agreed with the other judges that all (well, at least most) had strengths,
and that the winner provided the best basis for further discussion. Most seemed
to me to be too narrowly focused on what professionals in the field think of as
cultural heritage (old buildings, archaeological sites, and the like), and
sadly, none seemed to find an alternative to some kind of government
regulation. I hasten to say that I can’t think of an alternative to government
regulation either, but I was hoping that some sharp, open-minded Millennial
would come up with something totally different.<o:p></o:p></div>
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My summary comments on the six runners-up went like this:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->“Doesn’t propose anything but hunker down and
pontificate.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->“Good try, but underestimates the complexity of
what’s in play. Implicitly oriented toward regulation of large, heavily funded
projects.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->“Well meaning, but restricted to historic
preservation/archaeology, and doomed by reliance on a statewide survey of
interests; if you don’t lay bare your interests in advance during the survey,
you’re screwed.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->“Well meaning, but doesn’t really outline a
program, and narrowly focused on traditional historic preservation.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->“Interesting elements (e.g. Cultural Resource Bill
of Rights) but ultimately too much an historic preservation-archaeology dictatorship.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->“Semi-coherent proposal for mob rule.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Of the winner, I wrote: “Good try, and Community Heritage
Boards would (maybe) be an improvement on SHPOs, etc., but they’re also likely
to become petty local despots. Very east-coast perspective. Reminiscent of
Randolph Hester, perhaps not surprisingly (and that’s a good thing). No
comprehension of western, tribal, etc. realities, and no real federal government
role.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This is not meant as a slam on anyone or everyone, and I’m
grateful to all the contestants for giving us things to think about besides
what I’m ignoring on Washington DC’s streets today. We’ll soon (I hope) have a dedicated
website on which to discuss these matters further.<o:p></o:p></div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-46077973724836858812017-01-20T05:43:00.002-08:002017-01-20T05:43:54.337-08:00Heritage After Trump Award: The WINNER!<br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">From</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Desk</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Emily-Kate</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hannapel</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>&<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">C.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Scott Vann</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Historic</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hillsborough,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">NC</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">27278<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dear<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Mr.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>King<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Selection</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Committee,</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Re:<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Heritage<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>After<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Trump</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(HAT)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Competition</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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As<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>members<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>North<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Carolina</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Historic</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Preservation</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Community,
we</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">excited</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">learn of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>competition.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>We<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Graduate</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">students
at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">The</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">University</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">North</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Carolina
at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Greensboro</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>pursuing<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>MFAs<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Interior<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Architecture</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">with</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">concentrations</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Historic</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Preservation.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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We<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>often<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>discuss<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>what<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">we perceive to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be relevant issues</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and
contradictions in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the world of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>Historic<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Preservation;<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>these<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“radical” discussions over coffee seem ever more
pressing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in our</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;">
</span>Post-Trump<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>world.<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">conversations that we’ve</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had
over the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">last several</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">years inform our</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>submission.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Here<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">your</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consideration,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">we</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">offer
an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">imaginative</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">thought-experiment</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">via</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Tweets</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>results<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>N.E.W.<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">creed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Management.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>future<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">both</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dedicated</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">creating</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">values-centered,
just,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">equitable,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>sustainable,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>inclusive,<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> and above</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">all, community based.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Looking<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>towards<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">future,</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Emily-Kate<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Hannapel<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>&<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> C.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Scott</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Vann<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>CREED for N.E.W. Cultural Heritage</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Adopted February 1, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Historic Preservation is old. It is tired. It inspires images of empty house museums, and</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">conference rooms of white men, lobbyists, corporate interests and real estate developers.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Historic Preservation is leveraging tax credits that can only be used by those who control the</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">resources. It is bureaucratic and rule focused. It obstructs rather than encourages. It is</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">concerned with authentic fabric more than with authentic community. It cares more about the</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">history of suppression, colonization, and domination than the history of human consciousness</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">endurance, and resistance.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Cultural Heritage is N.E.W. It is Neighborly. It is Environmental. It is Worldly. While heritage</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">occurs on the local level, it is connected and influenced by global concerns. Cultural Heritage is</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">about stewardship, building and retaining resources and knowledge for future generations. It is</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">for the community, by the community. It is intergenerational, looking to the past for future</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">solutions. Cultural Heritage carefully considers what stories our built environment is telling about</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">our communities. It encourages diverse stories of human ambition. Cultural Heritage examines</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">the fabric of the community. Communities decide what their values are and how the built</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">environment will represent them.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Imagine a beehive. Bees live and work together in an organized hive. Bees aren’t solitary, they</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">operate as a community. While each individual bee has its role, growth and sustainability are</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">the responsibility of the entire hive.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">The N.E.W. Cultural Heritage system is based on a series of networks. A strong community is</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">an open system, and both transparent and accessible to all.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Forming Community Boards</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">The ultimate authority in Cultural Heritage is the Cultural Heritage Board (CHB) formed by the</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">local community.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Resources from the community, stay in the community. Community is defined by local</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">voting district.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Every resident within that district is a stakeholder, regardless of whether they own</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">property or rent in the district.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Each resident casts a vote during local elections to select their CHB.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">CHB candidates can be any resident of the district. Young residents, people of color,</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">women, and residents from diverse backgrounds are especially encouraged to join</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">CHB’s.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">CHB’s are consensus driven.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">One CHB member will sit on a neighboring CHB, creating a connection between each of</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">the neighboring boards. This encourages communities to invest in the wellbeing of their</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">neighbors, and creates a hive-like network between CHB’s.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">A regional advisory board will be created to consult local CHB’s. CHB’s in the region will</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">appoint the advisory board, which will consist of experts, members of the student</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">population, contractors, and other individuals with relevant experiences and insights.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Identifying Resources</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">When CHB’s are initially formed, a survey of community resources will be conducted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">These resources may include human knowledge, historic properties, landscapes and</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">natural resources (as defined by the community).</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">CHB’s create their own Creed that discusses values, goals, and strategies for their</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">community’s future. This Creed is continually revisited.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Each Creed will include a conflict resolution strategy.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Case study 1:</b> The community of Tryon, NC has identified singer Nina Simone’s</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">childhood home as an important resource in need of preservation. The community also</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">lacks a site for music courses. Using property tax funding, the community decides to</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">rehabilitate the home, creating practice studios for musical scholars from the region as</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">well as an educational exhibit on the importance of Nina Simone as a great musician</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">and an important Black American.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Funding and Local Economies</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">CHB’s are funded through local property taxes.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">A resident may wish to consult the CHB in making repairs, additions, or alterations to</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">their home or business. Implementing the recommendations is viewed as a community</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">contribution, therefore, if the resident chooses to implement the recommendations from</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">the CHB, they will receive a reduction in their property taxes.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">If residents contribute their time and service to their local CHB, they too will receive a</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">reduction in property taxes. CHB’s decide the value of contributions and property tax</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">reductions.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Case Study:</b> Christopher lives in a historic farmhouse in Yanceyville, NC. He is in the</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">process of restoring it, doing much of the work himself. Christopher is considering</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">replacing his old windows and goes before his local CHB to gather more information.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">The CHB recommends repair over replacement and pairs Christopher with a contractor</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">who specializes in historic window repair. Christopher does the recommended repairs</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">and receives a property tax reduction.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Community Connections</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">While each CHB functions on the community level, they are connected to the broader Cultural</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Heritage network.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Each community is invested in its neighboring communities and can look to them for</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">suggestions and support.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">When new development is coming to a community, the developer must go before the</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">CHB for review.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">CHB records are documented on an open source network. While anybody can see the</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">documents, actions, and information pertaining to the local CHB, only residents can</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">comment. All online commenting is tagged to a specific community member.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">This neighborly support sustains and supports a much larger effective network that</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">stretches across the United States. Because all CHB records are online and transparent,</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">a national archive is created.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Case study 2:</b> A regional developer wants to redevelop Ayr Mount, a historic home</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">along the Eno River in Hillsborough, NC as a sports center. A sports center already</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">exists just two miles away. The developer goes before the CHB. After extensive</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">discussion and conflict resolution, the CHB denies the developer’s request. The</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">developer is referred to the Efland CHB, a neighboring town that is seeking new</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">development. Efland offers the developer a comprehensive property tax package and</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">the sportsplex is widely success. All parties are happy.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">This N.E.W. Creed has been created and supported by communities in every State. We believe</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">that we are stronger when we work together to create and preserve our built environment. We,</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">as a unified community of individuals, know that sharing across cultural boundaries creates a</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">better understanding of the vital source of our well-being. Our heritage will create the bridge</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">from our past to our future.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Signatures:</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: .6pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">We the People</span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><b>Attachment: A Pseudo-History by Tweet</b></span></div>
</div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-43188888974113126382017-01-19T15:17:00.000-08:002017-01-19T15:17:02.768-08:00HAT Press Release -- and the Judges<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Here's a press release regarding the "Heritage After Trump" Award. Please feel free to circulate, post, share with your favorite reporter, etc. This also serves to announce the winners.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Castellar","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thomas F. King, PhD, llc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif;">8715 1st Ave. #805D, Silver
Spring MD 20910, USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif;">01-</span><a href="tel:240-475-0595" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">240-475-0595</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif;">, </span><a href="mailto:tomking106@gmail.com" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tomking106@gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">A Veteran-Owned Small Business<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Books: </span></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Thomas-F.-King/e/B001IU2RWK"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">https://www.amazon.com/Thomas-F.-King/e/B001IU2RWK</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Blogs: </span></span><a href="http://crmplus.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://crmplus.blogspot.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial Narrow", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">&<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1/20/2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For
Immediate Release<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Heritage After Trump” Prize Awarded<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A US$1,000.00 prize has been awarded in the “Heritage
After Trump” contest, sponsored by Thomas F. King, PhD LLC – a consulting firm
based in Maryland.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Many people involved in managing and protecting “cultural
heritage” – historic buildings, archaeological sites, antiquities, indigenous
spiritual sites and landscapes, and other parts of the environment valued for
cultural reasons by human communities – anticipate that the Donald Trump
administration will quickly do away with many of the legal protections that
such heritage enjoys. They also expect that many of the government systems set
up to manage heritage, such as State Historic Preservation Officers and the
National Register of Historic Places, will be transformed and cut back, if not
eliminated. Many view these possibilities with fear; others think they present
the opportunity to build better systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grounded in Eleanor Roosevelt’s maxim that “it is better
to light a candle than curse the darkness,” last November Thomas F. King, a
Maryland-based private consultant specializing in cultural heritage work,
announced that he was offering US$1,000.00 for “<span style="color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">the best written description of the cultural
heritage program the United States should put in place once the Trump
phenomenon has run its course.” The contest rules stipulated that contestants
should assume that all existing systems are eliminated, and to p</span>ropose
new heritage management systems that are simple, balanced, reasonable, just and
equitable, open to use by and for everyone, that involve “results-oriented
dialogue,” and that are “minimally bureaucratic.” Existing systems have been
criticized, by King among </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">others, for failing to meet such standards.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seven entries were received by the contest deadline of
January 10, and reviewed by a panel of judges representing a broad
cross-section of heritage-related interests. On January 15<sup>th</sup> the
judges agreed to award the prize to Emily-Kate Hannapel and Christopher Vann, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">graduate</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">students at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">University</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">North</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Carolina
at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Greensboro. The Hannapel-Vann entry will be published in King’s weblog,
“CRM-Plus” (</span></span><a href="http://crmplus.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">http://crmplus.blogspot.com/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">), on January 20.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">In announcing the award, King
stressed that all the entries had strengths, and that the award did not mean
that the judges thought the Hannapel-Vann approach to be perfect. One judge
with deep experience in the western U.S. worried that the winning entry
reflected an eastern perspective, focusing on the actions of local governments.
He warned that Indian tribes, land managing agencies, and western landowners
will have very different perspectives, that will need to be accommodated in any
new system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">Still, King said, “What Hannapel
and Vann have done is to give us a reasonable starting point for further
discussions as we work our way through the challenges of the coming years.” One
of the “Heritage After Trump” judges, Jeremy Wells of Roger Williams University
(</span><a href="http://heritagestudies.org/index.php/author/jeremy/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">http://heritagestudies.org/index.php/author/jeremy/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">) is establishing a new website to facilitate such
discussions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">For further information on the HAT
Award, please contact King at </span><a href="mailto:tomking106@gmail.com"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">tomking106@gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 115%;">-----------------------------------------</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Let me also take this opportunity to reveal the identities of the judges, who were chosen (by me) to represent a wide range of interests and kinds of relevant expertise, while NOT being substantially embedded in the "cultural resource management" or "historic preservation" establishments. Besides moi, the judges have been:</span></span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Jaime Bach: PhD candidate cultural anthropologist at the University of Montana, specializing in cultural heritage and perceptions of environmental change in Kiribati.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Judy Scott Feldman: Art historian, head of the National Mall Coalition, working to preserve the National Mall in Washington DC as a living historic and cultural landscape</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Claudia Nissley: Former Wyoming SHPO, former head of the ACHP's (erstwhile) western office in Denver, consultant, trainer and writer specializing in heritage and consultation.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kurt Russo: Executive Director, Native American Lands Conservancy</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jim Kent: Head of James Kent Associates, specializing in cultural ecology</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jeremy Wells: Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation, Roger Williams University</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kurt Dongoske: Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Pueblo of Zuni</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mike Nixon: Attorney specializing in historic preservation, environmental, and tribal law</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> I very much appreciate the hard work and contributions of all the judges.</span></span></span></div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-30838850697236158972017-01-19T09:10:00.001-08:002017-01-20T05:07:38.006-08:00Final Two HAT Runners-Up<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">Below
are the last two of six runners-up for the HAT Award. Later today or tomorrow I’ll
announce THE WINNER.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">I should stress that there no ranking is implied by the order in which these runners-up have been published.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Institute for Critical
Heritage and Tourism, British Columbia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The Signatories of this
Document</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> follow the 1992 World Scientists’ Warning to
Humanity (Union of Concerned Scientists 1992) in asserting the following five
principles:<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We must bring environmentally damaging
activities under control to restore and protect the integrity of the earth’s
systems we depend on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We must manage resources crucial to human
welfare more effectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We must stabilize population. This will be
possible only if all nations recognize that it requires improved social and
economic conditions, and the adoption of effective, voluntary family planning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We must reduce and eventually eliminate poverty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We must ensure sexual equality, and guarantee
women control over their own reproductive decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">We also follow the World Scientists’ Warning to
Humanity in recognizing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">A new ethic is required—a new attitude towards
discharging our responsibility for caring for ourselves and for the earth. We
must recognize the earth’s limited capacity to provide for us. We must
recognize its fragility. We must no longer allow it to be ravaged. This ethic
must motivate a great movement, convincing reluctant leaders and reluctant
governments and reluctant peoples themselves to effect the needed changes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">As a consequence</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">,
the Signatories of this Document do not believe a one-size-fits-all heritage policy—however
well-intended (Scott 1998, 2010)—can bring about this new ethic. Indeed, we
believe the promotion by experts of a single-policy solution runs the risk of (1)
misleading the public and other scholars into thinking potentially intractable contemporary
socioenvironmental problems (Fassbinder 2016) are resolvable by modern
governments and (2) reinforcing the idea that experts have either the knowledge
or capabilities to enact meaningful change (Homer-Dixon 2007). A useful point
of departure on this subject is this observation by Fikret Berkes and
colleagues (2007:308):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Resource management is at a crossroads. Problems
are complex, values are in dispute, facts are uncertain, and predictions are
possible only in a limited sense. The scientific system that underlies resource
management is facing a crisis of confidence in legitimacy and power. Top-down
resource management does not work for a multitude of reasons, and the era of expert-knows-best
decision making is all but over.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">It is time for heritage experts to move beyond single-policy
solutions (Ostrom et al. 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Recognizing</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">
the scope and scale of the global heritage crisis (Fassbinder 2016; Union of
Concerned Scientists 1992), and to avoid the trappings of naïve optimism in
dealing with that crisis (Homer-Dixon 2007), we have sought a simple but
realistic heritage stewardship model. We believe we have found two key strategies
that define that model.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The <b><i>first strategy</i></b> is John Bodley’s Small
Nation Solution, which confronts among many issues (e.g., elite directed
growth) the core problem of population. According to Bodley (2013:vii),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The Small Nation Solution offers a very simple
solution to the world’s biggest problems of poverty and environmental decline.
The solution is simply that first each nation needs to be the optimum size,
which means small, preferably fewer than ten million people. Its citizens then need to reach a consensus
on what they value most highly, and how these valued objects can be most justly
distributed. In addition to scale and consensus, the small nation solution
requires adherence to two fundamental principles that apply both within
individual small nations and in a small nation world system: subsidiarity and
heterogeneity. Subsidiarity means getting decision-making as close to the
people as possible. Heterogeneity is about people in each small nation having
maximum freedom to find the best solution(s) for their particular
situation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Bodley’s concept of small nations is
intentionally flexible, reflecting his belief in “societies being the best size
to solve human problems, not in categorizing for the sake of categorizing.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">As a step towards implementing small nation
solutions, the <b><i>second strategy</i></b> is Alan Parker’s Recommendations to Native
Government Leadership. According to Parker (2012:189-91), “communities must
adapt to changing conditions at a pace that will stress their social, economic,
and cultural fabrics. But, we cannot afford to join our fellow Americans in
massive denial. <i>The time to plan and
adapt is now.</i>” Below is Parker’s 10-point plan (amended):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gather
information on the impacts of global ecological breakdown in your region and
make it available to your community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Secure sources
of water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Secure sources
of food.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Prepare for
impacts on plant and animal species.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Develop
relationships with neighboring governments and communities regarding disaster
planning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Consider
political alliances to build a renewable energy policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Consider
strategies to unite communities around the protection needed to defend treaty
rights.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Consider active
involvement as sovereign governments in global climate change negotiations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Get youth
involved in cultural education and defending their future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Work with other
communities across imposed colonial boundaries on the basis of being natural
regions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Our
model</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> for heritage stewardship recognizes the links
between the ideology of growth, development, and progress, and environmental
thus cultural heritage destruction. To counter this, an emancipatory approach
to heritage, as outlined here, begins with local control and questioning authority
(Smith 2004). Designed to promote heritage resilience into the future, the
result is not one but many solutions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Richard M. Hutchings, Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Marina La Salle, Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Institute for Critical
Heritage and Tourism, British Columbia, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Berkes, Fikret, Derek
Armitage, and Nancy Doubleday<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">2007. Synthesis:
Adapting, Innovating, Evolving. In <i>Adaptive
Co-Management</i>, edited by D. Armitage, F. Berkes, and N. Doubleday, pp.
308-27. UBC Press, Vancouver.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Bodley, John H.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">2013. <i>The Small Nation Solution: How the World’s
Smallest Nations Can Solve the World’s Biggest Problems</i>. AltaMira, Lanham.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Fassbinder, Samuel
Day<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">2016. The
Literature of the Anthropocene: Four Reviews. <i>Capitalism Nature Socialism</i> DOI: 10.1080/10455752.2016.1245918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Homer-Dixon,
Thomas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">2007. <i>The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity,
and the Renewal of Civilization</i>. Vintage Canada, Toronto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Ostrom, Elinor, Marco
A. Janssen, and John M. Anderies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">2007. Going
beyond Panaceas. <i>PNAS</i>
104(39):15176-8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Parker, Alan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">2012.
Recommendations to Native Government Leadership. In <i>Asserting Native Resilience</i>, edited by Z. Grossman and A. Parker, pp.
189-92. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Scott, James C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">1998. <i>Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to
Improve the Human Condition Have Failed</i>. Yale University Press, New Haven.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">2010. The
Trouble with the View from Above. <i>CATO
Institute </i>September 8. Electronic document,
http://www.cato-unbound.org/2010/09/08/james-c-scott/trouble-view-above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Smith, Laurajane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">2004. <i>Archaeological Theory and the Politics of
Cultural Heritage</i>. Routledge, London.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">Union of Concerned
Scientists<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">1992. 1992 World
Scientists' Warning to Humanity. Electronic document,
http://www.ucsusa.org/about/1992-world-scientists.html.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
---------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 16.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 79.55pt; margin-right: 80.4pt; margin-top: 3.2pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Angela B. McArdle</span></b></h2>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 79.55pt; margin-right: 80.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Better <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Heritage</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Program</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>for the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">States<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 9.2pt; margin-top: 3.45pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Summary</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 9.2pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 9.2pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">If</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">States</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">got</span> a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">over</span>
on its <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> heritage<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> program,</span> and it were<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>up to me<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">create</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.95pt;"> </span>it <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">anew,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>would
build it <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">around </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">idea </span>that we<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>value our<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cultural</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">means</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">different</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">things</span> to<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">different</span> people, so a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>better <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage </span>program would allow <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>flexibility<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">would</span>
put the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> burden</span> of determining<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>how <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">best</span>
to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">communities</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">laying</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>claim to that <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>–
not on the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">entities</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(i.e. project</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proponents)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">responsible</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">for</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>undertaking.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3 style="margin-right: 9.2pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<o:p> </o:p></h3>
<h3 style="margin-right: 9.2pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
Value<span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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I<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>use<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">term</span>
value<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> deliberately.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">By</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>“value our<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage,”</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">don’t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mean</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">save
</span>our <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage,</span>
or preserve<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">don’t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mean</span> mine<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>our <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage </span>for <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Although,</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">obviously,</span> these<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> actions</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could</span>
very<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>well be the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">way</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>in which<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>community<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>decides to<span style="letter-spacing: 3.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span> its <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> heritage. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">But</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">saving,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">preserving,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">analyzing are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>not the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>only<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ways</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">which</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.45pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span> value our <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage,</span> nor<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>necessarily<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">best</span> ways.<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">There</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>is no one<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>size<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>fits all solution so <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there </span>shouldn’t be<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>one<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>size<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>fits
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">all</span> pro <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">forma</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage
program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>like<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>using<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the verb <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“value” </span>here<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> because</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">all</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>its <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">traditional</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meanings</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">applicable</span> to this <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">new</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">system</span>
(see<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>definition<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">below).
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">varied</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meanings</span> of<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“to</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value,” </span>namely<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“to</span>
appraise,”<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> “to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consider</span>
its <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">usefulness,”</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">appreciate,” </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> integral</span>
to building<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage program</span><span style="letter-spacing: 5.45pt;"> </span>that is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">inclusive,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultative,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">balanced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Value</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></u><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(verb)</span></i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->to
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">calculate</span> or <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reckon</span> the monetary<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>value<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>of;<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">give </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
specified</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">material</span> or<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">financial</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span> to;<span style="letter-spacing: 4.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">assess;</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">appraise:</span> to value<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>their <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">assets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consider</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">with</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">respect</span> to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">worth,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">excellence,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">usefulness,</span> or <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">importance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">regard</span> or <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">esteem</span> highly<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(<a href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/value)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.dictionary.com/browse/value)</span></a></span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.4pt;"> </span><b>How<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">System</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Works</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Every<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">receives</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">federal</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">funding,</span> or
is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">undertaken</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> federal</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">entity,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">or</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">takes</span>
place<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 4.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">federal</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">land,</span> must set <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aside</span> a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pre-determined</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">percentage </span>of their <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">budget,</span> established <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">legislation,</span> for <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage </span>valuation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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What to do with <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">percentage </span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">decided</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties.</span> Once<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">an</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">undertaking</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 3.95pt;"> </span>publicly<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">announced,</span>
via some <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">established</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">network</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>or <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(searchable)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">database,</span>
there<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>is a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">call </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interested</span>
in the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> consultation</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties</span>
with some <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“skin</span> in the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> game”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>so
to<span style="letter-spacing: 4.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">speak.</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">These</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting parties</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sign</span>
on to a project <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>submitting<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>brief <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">discussion</span> of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 3.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage
</span>that may<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">affected</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> undertaking</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>that <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
interested</span> in <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">valuing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">These
consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span>
be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>locals or outsiders. They<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could</span>
be preservationists,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">archaeologists,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">businesses,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">families,</span>
tribes, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">organizations,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cities,</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">anything.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">If</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>can
make<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 4.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reasonable (obviously,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“reasonable”
</span>is going<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>to be<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">subjective
and</span> would need to be <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">further</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">defined)</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">claim</span>
on cultural <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>wish
to value <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> would be <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">affected</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">undertaking,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.45pt;"> </span>then they<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eligible</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>for a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> seat</span> at the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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A <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman</span>
is<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">assigned</span>
to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">each</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project.</span> The<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman</span> is a state<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> employee </span>whose<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>sole<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> purpose </span>is to<span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">guide</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>beginning<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">end.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">For</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">each</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span>
to<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">which</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">assigned,</span> it is the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>foreman’s
job to<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">accept</span> or<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reject</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>party<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">applications,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">establish</span> a<span style="letter-spacing: 4.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">protocol</span> (could be <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">virtual,</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could</span> be an in-person <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meeting,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">etc.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>– <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">whatever</span>
bests fits<span style="letter-spacing: 4.15pt;"> </span>the situation), <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mediate </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dialogue,</span>
and<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">decide</span>
the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>outcome<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>(i.e. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">where </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">funds</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">go</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">what</span>
purpose) based on the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">recommendations</span>
of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ideally,</span> consensus<span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">among</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties is<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reached</span> during<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the consultation <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span>
the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> foreman</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">accepts</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">recommendations,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">much</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>in the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> same</span> way<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">judge </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">validates</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> decision(s)</span> of a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> jury.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">However,</span> if<span style="letter-spacing: 4.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consensus</span>
is not <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reached,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman</span>
has the power to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">make </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">final</span>
decision <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">based</span> on <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">all</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">information</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">presented</span> during<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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A<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>possible<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> kicker </span>– if the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>law<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> was</span> to have<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> teeth</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>funds <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span>
be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> returned</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rejected</span> if<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">decides</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">best</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">course </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">action</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>is not to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">go</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">through</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>with the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> project</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">because</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;">
</span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">risk</span> to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage
</span>is too<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">great</span> for<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>compromise to be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> reached.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">However,</span> this should be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">unlikely,</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">as</span> there<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>is a monetary<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">incentive</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>consulting<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties</span>
to come<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>up<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>with <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">creative</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>solutions <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> allow them<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>to
use<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">funds</span> provided <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span>
to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span> their <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>Possible<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>use<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">funds</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">include</span> (but <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are </span>certainly<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>not <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">limited</span>
to) plans to:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Conduct</span>
an <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">archaeological</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">investigation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Preserve</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">or</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">conserve</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">material</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">objects</span> or portions of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> project</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">area</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mitigate</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">damages</span> to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Establish a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">center/museum/education</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Document</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(e.g.</span>
oral histories, 3D<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mapping,</span> etc.)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Publish <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">media</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(e.g.</span> print<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and/or</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">digital)</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">celebrating</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>of the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">area</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.25pt;"> </span>Establish a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> scholarship</span> fund <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">for</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">individuals</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">affiliated</span> with <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">affected</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">communities</span><span style="letter-spacing: 5.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Strengthen</span>
infrastructure that supports <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lifeways</span>
of<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">affected</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">communities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Purchase
parcels</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">land</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">intended</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>to use<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">protect</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">them</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>adverse<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">effects</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.05pt;"> </span>Host <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">festivals/symposiums/conferences</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">focused</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>on <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Fund</span>
a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> paid</span> position <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">keeps</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tabs</span> on the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>projects’ <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">impacts</span> on
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Safeguard</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">biological/ecological</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">resources</span> in the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> area </span>that would<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>preserve<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lifestyles</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Construct</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">edifices,</span> memorials, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">art</span>
pieces, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Host a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
fundraising gala/dinner</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">intended</span> to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">raise</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>even more<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>money<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>possibilities
for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>how <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">best</span> to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> heritage are<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>bound only<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">desires</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;">
</span>creativity<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>consulting<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>parties, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pre-determined</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">budget</span> set <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aside</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proponents.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">In</span>
this <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">way,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">each</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span> have<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>unique outcome,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>custom <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tailored</span>
to the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties</span>
that<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>stake<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>in the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage affected</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">given</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Additionally,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> advantageously<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>proponents, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there </span>isn’t the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">chance
</span>of a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">going</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">overbudget</span> because<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the amount is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pre-determined</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>set <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">percentage established</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">legislation.</span>
Consulting<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties will know this <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">amount</span> prior<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">making</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">recommendations,</span> so<span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>know<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">what</span>
is feasible<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> given</span> the monetary<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>constraints <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span> plan<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">accordingly.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>The funds<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">go</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> toward</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>one<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>large<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">supported</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">or</span>
be <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">divided</span> equitably<span style="letter-spacing: 4.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">between</span>
the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>– <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there </span>is no <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">set</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rule<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>on distribution.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Once </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>decision is made <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(either</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>consensus of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties,
or<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman)</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">funds</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">distributed,</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman
</span>documents the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">results</span> of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>consultation, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">either
proceeds</span> unencumbered, proceeds with alterations, or<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rejected.</span>
The<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> documentation</span> of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.95pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>submitted by<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>foreman should be<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kept</span> in a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>digital <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">repository</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">where</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span>the public <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">access</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>it both for<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> reasons</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">of</span>
transparency<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> to<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foster</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ideas</span>
for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">future</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultations</span>
on <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">what</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">works,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">what</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">doesn’t,</span> and how <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">different</span> groups negotiate<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>valuing<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 9.2pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
The<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>flow<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>chart <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">below</span>
depicts the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> chain</span> of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">events</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">work</span>
in this <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 9.2pt; margin-top: 3.45pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
The<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Bureaucracy</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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To <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">implement</span>
this <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>two <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">levels</span>
of<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>bureaucracy<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">needed.</span> The state<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> appointed</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foremen</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span>
a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> federal</span> agency<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>that <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">manages</span>
the repository<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">results</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">provides</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.95pt;"> </span>support to the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>state<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> foremen.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>How<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">many</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>state<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foremen</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">appointed</span> depends on the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>size,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">needs,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">budget</span> of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> state.</span> State<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> foremen</span>
should be dually<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">qualified</span> in<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">alternative</span> dispute<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> resolution techniques (e.g.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>evaluation, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">negotiation,</span> conciliation, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mediation,</span>
and arbitration)<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.45pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage preservation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Benefits</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Set</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Costs: </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Project</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>proponents<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">automatically</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>build<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>in
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">as</span> a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>fixed<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">part</span>
of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 4.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">budget</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span>
do not have<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">to</span> worry<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">about</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">going</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">through</span> a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">check</span> the box<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(e.g.</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">always</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span>hiring<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>CRM <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">firm)</span>
that<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>may<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>or <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">may</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>not <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">make
</span>sense<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>project.
A <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman</span> is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>automatically<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">assigned</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">their</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span> who will<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>guide<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> consultation</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">facilitate</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">communication</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">between</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span> proponents
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties.</span>
No<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>one<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">caught</span> off<span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">guard</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span> proponents know <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">what</span>
to expect, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">as</span> do <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Flexibility:
</span></b>This <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">system</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">allows</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">for</span> a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>wide<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>range<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">of</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">outcomes.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">Say</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>old
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">buildings</span> on<span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>lot that <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">projected</span> for <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">demolition</span> so a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> new</span>
building<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">be</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> constructed.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Perhaps</span> no one<span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cares</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">about</span>
the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>old <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">buildings.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">If</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>no
one<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> cares,</span> there<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>is no <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reason</span>
to preserve<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>them, or<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> value</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;">
</span>them, but say<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interested</span> in preserving<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lifestyles</span>
of those<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lived</span> or <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">worked</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">
</span>in those<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> buildings.</span> The<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>buildings <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span> be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> destroyed</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>but funds <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span>
be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>used to<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">establish</span> an<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">apprenticeship</span>
that promotes the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">work</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span>
done<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>in those<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> buildings</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>(e.g. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dying</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>textiles,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">car</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">manufacturing,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">etc.).</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Perhaps</span>
no one<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>wants to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">save </span>the old buildings, but they<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>do want to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>honor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>them in some <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">way.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Funds</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">go</span>
to making<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>movie<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> about</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">their</span> history<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">documenting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">features</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">before
destruction.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Perhaps</span> lots of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">people</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">want</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>to save<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the
old<span style="letter-spacing: 4.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">buildings.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Funds</span> can<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">go</span>
to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">relocating</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">buildings,</span>
preserving<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">buildings</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>in situ and<span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">incorporating</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>them into the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">new</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project,</span> or the funds <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span> be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
returned</span> to the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> project</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proponents</span>
if<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> consensus</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">among</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties is that <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there </span>is
no <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">feasible </span>way<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to value<span style="letter-spacing: 4.05pt;">
</span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage </span>if the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> project</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">goes</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ahead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Inclusivity:<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">If</span> no consulting<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interested</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>in the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
project,</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> funds</span> set aside<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">valuing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">returned</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>to the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>project<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proponents</span>
and the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>undertaking<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;"> </span>efficiently<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proceed.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">If</span>
there<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> parties</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interested</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>that may<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">be</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
affected</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.85pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project,</span>
they<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">all</span> invited to the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> consultation</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">table.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">There </span>is no pro <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">forma</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">qualification</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.35pt;"> </span>that <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">determines</span>
who <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">may</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> interested.</span>
Anyone<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>can apply<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>to be<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">party:</span> CRM<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">firms,</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">universities,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">concerned</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">citizens,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Native American</span>
tribes,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">locals</span> affected by<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the
view-<span style="letter-spacing: 4.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">shed, </span>town or<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">city</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>councils,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">businesses,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">politicians,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">non-profits,</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">churches,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">professional</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">guilds,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 5.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">etc.</span>
Anybody<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>that can make<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>reasonable
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">claim</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">on</span> why<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>there<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span>
heritage<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> affected</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> is of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interest</span>
to them <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">gets</span> a voice<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">in</span>
the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Encourages</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Public Engagement:</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Because
there</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">funds</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>automatically<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>set aside<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proponents</span>
to value<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> cultural</span> heritage<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>before<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">even</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">gets</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">underway,</span> there<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>is a<span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span>monetary<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">incentive</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>individuals
and <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">groups</span> to<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">get</span> involved <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">have</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>say<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>where<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>funds <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">get</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">directed.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">If</span> they<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>take<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
part</span> in the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>consultation <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process,</span> they<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> could</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">secure</span> funds <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">valuing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> heritage<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>with
which they<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">feel</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> connection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Balanced:
</span></b>This <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">approach</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">doesn’t</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hinder</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">progress</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">new</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">undertakings;</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>it <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">streamlines</span>
it.<span style="letter-spacing: 4.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Project</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proponents</span>
know<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ahead</span> of time<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>funds <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">going</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>to be <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">diverted</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interested</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there </span>is an incentive<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>for a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>quick <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">resolution</span> to be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> reached</span> so that the<span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;"> </span>funds <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span>
be<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">released</span>
to <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> communities</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">get</span> underway. At the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">same </span>time, this <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">approach</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>values the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage
</span>that consulting<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">parties</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>care<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>about, not <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">esoteric</span> idea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>of something<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>that
meets pre-set <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">criteria </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">conservation</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>because<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>of its <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">age </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">style.</span>
Consulting<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>communities bring<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>invested<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>in to the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">table,</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">
</span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">choose </span>how best to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span>
it.<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Drawbacks</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Corruption:</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">In</span>
this<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage system,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">state-appointed</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foremen</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>hold a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> considerable</span><span style="letter-spacing: 5.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">amount</span> of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> power</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">greenlighting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>or halting<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>projects. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Consequently,</span>
there<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">is</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>the possibility<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1pt;"> </span>that their<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> appointments</span> may<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">be</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
politically-driven</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rather</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>than
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">qualifications-driven.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 5.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Additionally,</span>
if the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>foremen <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lack</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ethical</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fortitude,</span>
they<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could</span> be <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bought</span> out <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">either</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proponents</span>
or <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting parties</span> desiring<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>specific<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>outcome<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
from</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>consultation <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.45pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">becoming</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ineffectual</span>
puppets of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">whosever</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pocket</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reside.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Insufficient</span>
Budget: </b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">States</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">allocate</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">funds</span>
differently<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> system</span> like
this that <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">assigns</span> a<span style="letter-spacing: 3.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman</span>
to<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>every<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">project</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>may<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>run
into <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">insufficient</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>funding<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>for the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>number<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">of</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foremen</span> needed<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>to carry<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">work</span> load.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Consultation</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Gridlock/Dissatisfaction:</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">If</span>
too many<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties
are<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>heavily<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">invested</span><span style="letter-spacing: 5.55pt;"> </span>in the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span> possibly<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">affected</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">undertaking,</span> reaching<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>consensus
may<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>become<span style="letter-spacing: 3.3pt;"> </span>impossible. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Giving</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">foreman</span>
the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>power to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">make</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>the ultimate<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> decision</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">help</span> alleviate<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>this <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">gridlock</span> but <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">may</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>leave
some <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties dissatisfied <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">with</span> the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">results</span>
of the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Requires</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Public</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Vigilance: </span></b>The<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>onus
of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">identifying</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">advocating</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage
</span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 4.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could</span> be <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">affected</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">an</span> undertaking<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>shifts <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">from</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> project</span> proponent to the public. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">There </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>both positives <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">negatives</span> to this shift. The<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>downside<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> it <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">requires</span> the public<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>to be<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">vigilant</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span>
continually<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">check</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>in on new<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> projects</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">see </span>if there<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage </span>of interest<span style="letter-spacing: 3.95pt;"> </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">them</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> may<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at</span> risk.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>This <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">system</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">does</span> not require<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> project</span> proponent
to<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">search</span>
for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> identify<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> heritage<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>that <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">may</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>affect; <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rather,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>parties <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">have
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>responsibility<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>to make<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>their<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">voices</span> heard <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span>
identify<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage </span>(or
the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>possibility<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">something</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>that <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">may</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">affected</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">an</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">undertaking.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Only<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">things</span> of<span style="letter-spacing: 4.35pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interest</span> to the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consulting parties</span> are<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> taken</span> into <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consideration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.0pt; margin-top: .05pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-right: 9.2pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
Conclusion<span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 9.2pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple;">
I<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>believe<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>better
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">program</span>
for<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>United <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">States</span> would<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>focus on <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">valuing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage,</span>
with <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span> value<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">designated</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> defined <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>those closest <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">connected</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>to it. This <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage
program</span> is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">simple,</span> easy<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">implement,</span>
and is <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">inclusive </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">all</span>
parties<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">expressing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interest,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 5.45pt;">
</span>without <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">burdening</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>project<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">proponent</span>
with duties<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">preserve</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>heritage<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>is of no <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">interest</span>
or<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span>
to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">anyone.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">It</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">engages</span>
the public <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> puts funds <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">back</span> into the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">communities</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>–
hopefully<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">useful, creative,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> meaningful <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ways</span> – instead of<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>only<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>funding<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>CRM <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">practitioners</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">generation</span> of<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>grey<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">literature.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>think the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">benefits</span> of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">an</span> efficiently<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">stream-lined</span> but still<span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consultation-based</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage program</span> like this, greatly<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>outweigh the<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>potential
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">drawbacks.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.35pt;"> </span>This <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">gives</span>
the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">power</span> to the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> people,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span> lets them <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">their</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cultural</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">heritage</span> on their<span style="letter-spacing: 4.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">terms.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-58629964865163613492017-01-18T05:35:00.000-08:002017-01-18T05:35:44.137-08:00Two More HAT Award Runners-UpAll the contestants have now given me permission to post their entries, so here are two more. There'll be two more tomorrow, insh'allah, and then THE WINNER on January 20th.<br />
<br />
Thanks again to all the participants, and the judges.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Entry by Lydia Costello</b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Jan. 10, 2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> As
we embark upon a future of Donald Trump as President of the United States there
are questions regarding the future funding of historic preservation activities
and initiatives. As a student I believe concern
should focus on the classroom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> I am a junior studying Historic Preservation
at Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island. In the fall of 2015, The
1772 Foundation approached Roger Williams University with a grant to research
the effectiveness of The National Council of Preservation Education. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The
1772 Foundation’s mission is to ensure protection of historic buildings and
farmland within the northeast, with matching grants for Connecticut, New Jersey
and Rhode Island. The grant’s research objective was to determine which
programs offered Historic Preservation Real Estate Finance courses. Real Estate
Finance was decided as the most under studied aspect of historic preservation.
The 1772 Foundation saw the benefits of a course like this would have on
students. Research was conducted on every university, college and educational
institution that provides an undergraduate degree, graduate degree and/or
certificates within historic preservation. Four students were charged to review
each institution’s course selection and syllabus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The
outcome of the research was shocking lack of uniformity among programs. My
colleagues and I began to notice the absence of common classes within the
fourteen undergraduate and thirty-two graduate institutions. One would think
there would be a foundation courses or some kind of curriculum outline however we
found the contrary. With this information The 1772 Foundation offered a course
at Roger Williams University titled, “ARCH 530/HP 530 Project Development and
Finance”. The outcome of the course was very successful. The students both
graduate and undergraduate received invaluable information. This course has now
been opened up to law and business students as well. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> As
one of four students assigned to this project my eyes were opened to the vast
differences in programs and education. Setting up foundation courses or an
accreditation process for undergraduate and graduate programs would be
extremely helpful for employers to better understand the individual’s
education. This could provide some competition or rigor between programs. While
researching we began to see a trend of schools who were much more archeological
based rather than structurally. Some were very history heavy while others
focused on planning and conservation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Historic
Preservation is the endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect
buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. I believe historic preservation is above and belowground,
tangible and intangible however, my education does not go past the structure. I
think that’s a huge disservice to students. Historic preservation
undergraduates should be getting an education in structural integrity,
conservation, cultural resource management, community planning and archeology. Within
these sections are subsections of documentation, surveying, oral history, and archival
research to name a few. Leaving graduate schools to have more specificity to
allow students to hone their knowledge in a certain area. We can accomplish
this within every historic preservation program with foundational curriculum or
accreditation. The biggest lesson in historic preservation that I’ve learned
thus far is every moment is a teachable one. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Educating
communities, neighborhoods and citizens opens the door for positive perception
of historic preservation. Historic preservation is seen in a negative light in
many communities throughout the United States. In the summer of 2016 I was an intern
for the Newport Historic Preservation Planner, Helen Johnson. I constantly
overheard members of the community speaking negatively towards historic
preservation and the “hoops” it requires for a citizen to simply change a part
of their structure. Preservation is intended to be positive based planning not
to challenge and hinder citizens. We need to begin investing in our communities
by providing seminars and meetings on helpful and meaningful topics within
historic preservation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The
transition of leadership in the United States brings up many questions. How organizations
such as the National Trust or National Environmental Policy Act will change and
evolve is not known. The way historic
preservation functions today through government funding could change under
Donald Trumps presidency. Our systems today are flawed and less than adequate
funding will be detrimental to the success of historic preservation. The goal
of interpreting tangible and intangible history is the mission of every
preservationist and must be preserved as a priority in the new administration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The
question that needs to be addressed how will federal organizations such as the
National Trust for Historic Preservation or more importantly the role of State
Historic Preservation Officers function in the new administration. The United
States has not seen a government-affiliated organization privatize, I believe
historic preservation can be the driving force. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> This
is the beginning of the conversation. It will take many groups of professionals
to come together and decide on the path of NEPA and Historic Preservation Act. I
am writing this today as a student who believes historic preservation does have
a future. I am not sure what the next four years will bring. I do know that we
will not allow our work to preserve be hindered by a change in political power.
The way historic preservation of our cultural and physical being is taught and
supported will ensure that the United States of America has an accurate history
of who we are, what we believe and how we live. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> -----------------------------------------</span></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Case for the Fantasy Federal
Historic Preservation Law of 2017: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Musings on How to Make a Good Thing
Better<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">January 5,
2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S. Joe Griffin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">My
submission to the HAT contest is based on the central idea that historic
preservation only matters if someone cares about the resources that are being
preserved. The submission also addresses
some of what I consider to be the most glaring deficiencies in the existing
Section 106 process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I doubt
there is a cultural resources professional alive who hasn’t encountered a
construction crew, or an engineer, or a developer who laughs at the idea that
some old building/ old rocks/ old irrigation ditch/ old neighborhood/ etc. is
historically significant. Who cares
about all this stuff really? This is a
fundamental question, and our profession must pay close attention to it,
especially as we usher in an era where federal expenditures and requirements
are looked at with increased scrutiny.
Many practitioners approach historic preservation from the smug premise
that the general public simply doesn’t know what is important about the past,
and it is up to our enlightened cadre to bring it to light. You may not care about it, but when an
architectural historian has determined that we must carefully document a building
constructed by a locally prominent architect from the early twentieth century, this
documentation is really for your own good.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Certainly
the historic preservation community has an obligation to educate the public
about interesting facets of the past, and to identify significant resources
that may not be obvious. How can we
find a middle ground that allows for education and exploration, but that does not
stray too far from the realm of public interest into specialist interest? How are cultural resource managers expected
to work out what is and is not interesting to the public? The Fantasy Law attempts to address this
challenge with state-wide interest surveys, and by prioritizing consultation
and the identification of as many potentially interested consulting parties as
possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This leads
us to the current National Register Criteria, four simple categories into which
all significance must fit; association with an important event or person,
artistic or engineering cleverness, or data potential; and the endlessly
mysterious aspects of integrity, some permutations of which are acceptable,
some others are not. Perhaps
counter-intuitively, these seemingly open-ended categories wind up being
restrictive in practice, introducing a heavy bias toward the opinions and
preferences of professionals rather than communities. The American public, communities, and tribes
are often not able to easily express their values in the limited terms of the law,
and their voice loses volume as a result.
The Fantasy law does away with these limited criteria and integrity
considerations, focusing instead on the ways in which a resource is valued by
different groups—including professionals who may have an intellectual or
academic interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Certainly
the existing process tries to get at these values, after all the first step in
the Section 106 process, as described under 36 CFR 800.3, includes the
identification of consulting parties. In
practice, however, this is generally given pretty brief consideration. The regulations require the Agency to
identify the correct SHPO for instance; this is an easy section to gloss over. Identifying potentially interested tribes can
be straightforward in some cases, tricky in others (e.g. states where
significant and large scale forced displacements occurred or where numerous
small tribes exist with overlapping territories), but always important. Fortunately there are many resources available
in various states to help with this and generally this isn’t terribly time
consuming either. Identifying other
potentially interested groups and individuals is immensely harder. Ambitious practitioners may contact
historical societies and local museums, but more often public involvement is
piggybacked on NEPA public meetings or given some other very minor
consideration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identifying
consulting parties is vital, and it is obviously appropriate to put it at the
very beginning of the 106 process. On
the other hand, it may not be obvious at the outset of a project whom should be
consulted. For instance, suppose that
construction would occur in a neighborhood that superficially looks like any
other, but that was historically occupied by a particular ethnic group. This information will likely come to light
quickly, but it may not be easy to find members of that group to speak with,
much less a central voice who speaks for the community. For this reason, identification of consulting
parties should be on-going, and made a chief priority throughout the
process. The Fantasy Law does just that.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unlike laws
like the Endangered Species Act, the NHPA is almost entirely toothless unless
someone sues. Even then, a cursory
glance at NHPA case law highlights the fact that the government only loses lawsuits
when it can be shown that an agency failed to follow the process, never when
consulting parties disagree with conclusions or decisions made by an agency. In other words, substantively inadequate work
is nearly bulletproof, so long as all of the boxes got checked along the
way. The Fantasy Law addresses this by
providing oversight from a federal regulatory agency, not individual states
which, thanks to the supremacy clause in our Constitution, are not likely to be
empowered to regulate the federal government.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Several
important aspects of the existing processes are carried over into the Fantasy
Law. Like the NHPA, the law applies only
to Federal Agencies, leaving the individual states to regulate themselves and
their citizens as they see fit. The
structure of the process is similar, involving inventory, effects analysis, and
resolution of effects. Finally, though
the role of the SHPO is supplanted by a new federal agency, their primary
function carries on (and the law benevolently directs the federal government to
absorb all those hard working state employees).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, without
further ado—I present the . . . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fantasy Federal
Historic Preservation Law of 2017<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This law establishes
a Federal Agency called the Federal Office of Historic Preservation (FOHP),
with branches in each state. Each state
branch of the FOHP is a Federal agency with authority to regulate the actions
of other Federal Agencies. The FOHP is
responsible for project review and for the establishment and maintenance of
both historic resource record centers and the state historic interest surveys. Each state branch of the FOHP is expected to
absorb and incorporate the staff and resources of existing State Historic
Preservation Offices, as possible. For
projects which occur entirely on Federal Tribal Trust Land, the Tribal Historic
Preservation Officer may assume the role of the FOHP, if the tribe determines
that doing so is in their best interest.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Within two
years of the passage of this fantasy law, each state branch of the FOHP shall
conduct state-wide historical interest surveys of the residents of their
state. The interest surveys are intended
to identify themes, events, and locations that are valued by the residents of
each state. The surveys provide a
starting point for historical resource consideration by highlighting resources
and ideas that are important to the general public. For this reason, the surveys must be updated
no less frequently than every five years.
These surveys are intended to provide a broad perspective to the
consultation processes outlined below, and do not replace full and complete
consultation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Federal
projects will be subject to the following regulatory process:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inventory Scoping and Planning<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify
jurisdictional project. All projects
that are funded or permitted by the Federal Agency, or those that occur on or
pass through Federal land, are subject consideration. If more than one Federal Agency is involved,
one shall take responsibility for this process as lead agency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify
the scale and degree of Federal involvement in the project. The level of effort for historic resource
consideration should be scaled appropriately.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
degree of Federal involvement is determined based on the Federal cost as a
fraction of total project cost, and the proportion of the project that would
occur on Federal Land or that would require a Federal permit or permission. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
project scale is based on total project cost in dollars. This calculation is based on projected costs
or grant or allocation funds, and is subject to review to ensure that a larger
project is not being artificially separated into smaller undertakings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inventory Process<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify
interested consulting parties.
Consulting parties are any groups or individuals who can reasonably
ascribe significance to an area or to properties located in whole or in part
within an area. This effort should be on
going throughout the inventory process.
Starting with an initial identification effort made at the beginning of
the inventory process, the Federal Agency should continue to seek additional
parties with a potential interest as the process progresses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Review
the state and Federal Historical Interest surveys to identify themes, events,
or locations that are potentially significant at a state or Federal level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Begin
consultation. Working collaboratively
with consulting parties, the Federal Agency shall identify properties that are
significant on one of the following bases, in order of descending significance:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
property or location is fundamental to the self-identification of a group or
community<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
property or location is highly valued by a group or community<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
property or location is of high intellectual interest to a group of community<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Certain
properties may not be known to the groups or communities that would value them,
if their existence were known.
Collaboratively with the groups or communities with an express interest
in the property or location, the Federal Agency shall identify an Investigation
Area of Potential Historical Interest (IAPHI), and develop and implement a
physical inventory of the IAPHI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Effects Analysis <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Once
a reasonably scaled effort to identify significant properties has been completed,
the Federal Agency, working collaboratively with the consulting parties, shall
consider whether the undertaking would cause potentially cause effects to such
properties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
the Federal Agency determines that the project would not affect significant
properties, the project may proceed to Final Review. If the Federal Agency
determines that it is reasonable to conclude that a project would affect
significant properties, the Federal Agency shall determine whether or not it is
feasible to avoid affects to such properties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Avoidance Feasibility Process</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> The Avoidance Feasibility process has two
steps. The first step is to formulate one or more alternative approaches to a
project that would avoid or minimize effects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
second step is to determine whether an avoidance alternative is feasible. Such an alternative is considered feasible if
the following conditions are met:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
avoidance alternative is not significantly more costly than the economically
preferred plan. As used here, the term
‘significantly more costly’ means: A 5%
increase to the Federal share of the project cost is considered not
significantly more costly. For projects
subject to Federal permitting, or for which access to Federal land is sought, a
1% increase to the total project costs is considered not significantly more
costly. The reduced Federal involvement
justifies this difference. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
functionality of the avoidance alternative is not diminished from the
economically preferred plan, or any such diminution of efficacy is acceptable
to the Federal Agency and the project proponent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
the Federal Agency determined that avoidance is preferred, even if either or
both of the above conditions are not met.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
avoidance is feasible, the project may proceed to Final Review. If avoidance is not feasible, the Federal Agency
shall consider mitigation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mitigation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Where
avoidance is not possible, the Federal Agency shall seek to develop a
mitigation plan collaboratively with consulting parties. The mitigation may take any form, but should
be specifically directed towards correcting anticipated impacts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Final Review and Approval<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Federal Agency shall submit a summary report (SR) to the FOHP that will:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Justify
the results of the scoping work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe
efforts made to identify significant properties, analyze effects, and avoid or
mitigate effects, as applicable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Summarize
consultation efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe
a plan for discoveries of significant properties during project implementation
or for post review disclosures of properties or significance by consulting
parties. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
FOHP shall review the SR for completeness and adequacy. The FOHP shall respond to the Federal Agency
with their confirmation of completeness and adequacy, or with comment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
the FOHP provides a Federal Agency with a confirmation of completeness, the
project may proceed, pursuant to any conditions or plans outlined in the SR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
the FOHP provides a Federal Agency with comments, each comment shall explain
the specific incompleteness or inadequacy and suggest a course of action to
resolve the comment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
the Federal Agency chooses to adopt the course of action suggested by the FOHP,
the project may proceed, pursuant to any conditions or plans outlined in the SR
and FOHP comments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
the Federal Agency chooses not to adopt the course of action suggested by an FOHP
comment, the Agency, the FOHP, and any appropriate consulting parties shall consult
directly for a period up to 180 days. If
the Agency and FOHP cannot reach agreement by the conclusion of this
consultation period, the Agency may either continue consultation, or terminate
consultation and proceed with the project.
An Agency shall not terminate consultation without a full 180 days of
good-faith consultation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Human Remains and Burials<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Native
American human remains found on Federal land shall be treated in accordance
with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
human remains are found to exist in the IAPHI, outside of Federal land; and the
Agency determines that they would be affected by the project, but may be
feasibly recovered and moved, the Agency shall take the following steps:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Notify
local law enforcement and determine whether the remains constitute a crime
scene. If the remains are found to
constitute a crime scene, the Federal jurisdiction under this process ends.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Determine
whether the remains may be individually identified and direct lineal
descendants identified. If such
descendants are identified, they shall be determined to be the responsible
party.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
direct lineal descendants cannot be reasonably identified, the Agency shall
seek to identify a group or community with which the remains are most likely
affiliated. If such a group of community
is identified, that group or community shall be determined to be the
responsible party.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
the remains are equally likely to be affiliated with more than one group or
community, those groups or communities will be given the opportunity to
designate one group which will assume responsibility for the remains. If the groups cannot reach agreement, the
Agency shall assign one group to be the responsible party based on a preponderance
of evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
no affiliation can be demonstrated, interested groups or communities will be
given the opportunity to take responsibility for the remains, if the Agency
determines that such a delegation of responsibility is appropriate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
responsible party shall make a recommendation to the Agency regarding the
ultimate disposal of the remains, or they may be given direct custody of the
remains. If the responsible party
requests that the remains are reinterred, the Agency shall provide reasonable
assistance in accomplishing this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
the responsible party declines to take possession of the remains, and makes no
recommendation as to their ultimate disposition, the Agency shall make the
remains available for scientific research, provide for respectful re-interment,
or leave the remains in place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Non-Compliance</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Non-compliance
is found whenever the FOHP finds that a Federal Agency has not fulfilled their
obligations with regard to process or whose consideration is deemed less than a
full good-faith effort. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
the FOHP finds non-compliance, they must notify the Federal Agency within
thirty days of their observation of the non-compliance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Federal Agency will then have 60 days to resolve the non-compliance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
the Federal Agency cannot resolve the non-compliance to the satisfaction of the
FOHP, the project shall be suspended while the FOHP and Federal Agency enter
into binding mediation by a disinterested third-party.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<o:p>
</o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-9108145531944130722017-01-17T15:57:00.000-08:002017-01-17T17:32:03.270-08:00HAT Award: Two of the Six Runners-UpOn January 15th, a quorum of the judges in the "Heritage After Trump" (HAT) award competition met in videoconference to review the seven entries. Two judges unable to make it to the videoconference filed their comments by email. Although we found strengths in all the entries, we fairly easily reached agreement on the winner, and will make the big announcement on January 20th in order to compete mightily with the inauguration. In the grand Washington DC tradition, the $1,000 prize check is in the mail.<br />
<br />
On January 20th, too, we'll publish the winning entry here, and announce it to the media.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, five of the remaining six contestants -- awfully good sports all -- have agreed to let us publish their entries, so I'm publishing the first two below. More tomorrow and the next day, and I hope that the sixth entrant will grant her permission as well, in due course.<br />
<br />
Thanks to all who entered. The judges all agreed that the main value of the HAT exercise was to get us thinking about positive possibilities, and to stimulate discussion. To that end, one of the judges -- Jeremy Wells of Roger Williams University -- is setting up a dedicated web site as soon as he gets back from the Caribbean bolt-hole to which he's fled for inauguration week.<br />
<br />
Here without further ado are the first two of the six runners-up for the HAT award.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
God Save the HAT,<br />
<br />
Tom<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Trolling and Heritage</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
by Gabriel Cirra<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“If it's a revolution, it's confusion...where there's
confusion, a man who knows what he wants stands a good chance of getting it.”
Sergio Leone, <i>A Fistful of Dynamite</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The Trump phenomenon is a symptom
of an <i>information flow paradigm</i>.
Unbridled access to audience and unfiltered media now amounts to a revolution
in information, which touches everything else. It may not seem like it, but the
flurry of fake news, leaked emails, hacking, doxxing, and trolling is actually
the phenomenon closest to direct democracy that the world has ever seen. This
simple fact is the most terrifying reality of the rise of Trump: we naively
thought that “direct democracy” would deliver justice and truth while freeing
us from arbitrary oppression, but it is already clear that truth and justice
are not part of the picture. Two documents have proven prophetic: the
manifesto-like mission statements of Twitter and Wikileaks. But neither could
predict the amount of trolls that would came along with the free flow of
information. Perhaps, with Michel Serres, we can say that the troll is an
“always-already,” an inherent parasite of any transfer of information; it
follows that this version of direct democracy marks the trollification of the
general public.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Clearly the internet’s preferred
form of communication is the meme. Memes are word and image, information turned
into currency, and are “hot” in that they are participatory: each deployment
molds their meaning to the specificity of the situation. Memes are by far the
most democratic media of image-creation and dissemination ever; free online
utilities enable anyone to produce them, and social networks allow anyone to
share them, and the bar for literacy in them is extremely low. Immediately they
are weaponized by trolls.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Under neoliberalism, attitudes
toward preservation are extremely closely tied to a mindset that uses inductive
rationalism, the discipline of expertise, and space-planning metrics (as in the
practice of real estate management). Committees are formed that overwhelmingly
favor maintenance of the status quo; an attitude of “do no harm” combined with
deference toward history and deferral of any decision that could expose itself
to criticism. “History” has become “patterns of that which exists taken as
precedent.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
With a classic mob mentality,
groups of people become quite good at destroying things: the punk destruction
of the Berlin wall, the Paris Commune’s toppling of the Vendôme Napoleon
statue, etc. It is much easier to destroy a monument than to erect one,
although these events have proven that iconoclasm is itself a type of iconism.
But let’s take a more nuanced form of destruction: Dziga Vertov’s 1939 film
“Man with a Movie Camera” uses a split-lens camera trick to divide a classical
facade (of the Bolshoi theater) and twist the two halves together to collapse.
Famously this film is about tools for revolution: tools of image-making. This
tool <i>of imagery</i> simultaneously
destroyed and preserved the Bolshoi, affixing another meaning onto it and
repurposing it for the revolution.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
What might troll-based direct
democracy look like for preservation? Eventually, tools for image-making will
be radically simplified: virus-free crack copies of Photoshop will be yours in
exchange for watching an ad, and you can share your image as a spatial overlay
geotagged onto the site that you propose. Radical architectural proposals<span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">—collages that use </span>photographs
of buildings as raw material<span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">—will
be used to create visual arguments that are as manifold and clever as those of
memes. If heritage belongs to the people, then direct democracy will recoup it.
Like all others, this forum for discussion will now have to yield to the
reality that “might makes right.” The confused experts will have to submit
their work to the same channel, trolls and all. As “preservation experts,” we
are faced with a fundamental choice: try to uphold the safeguards of neoliberal
committee mentality as they lose credibility, or try to guide the discussion
toward productivity, even radical productivity, within the new paradigm. We’ll
see which gets more likes, the tastefully glazed protective canopy or the cat
pic.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">CRM Strategic Plan<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By the Adams State University Cohort</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Introduction</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">We, the CRM Graduate Students at Adams State University have taken
up the “Heritage After Trump” Challenge. This is a collaborative effort at
modeling a more responsive cultural resource management (CRM) system. We are
all passionate about our chosen field, and have diverse opinions on how to
improve what we see as a flawed system that has strayed further away from its
intended goals with each year. This is an exercise in bringing together many
ideas from many sources into a coherent system. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Working on the assumption that both the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) and the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) have been
removed, our cohort</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">believes that the term ‘cultural resources’ should refer to all
resources with which humans interact. While previously limited to refer to
physical manifestations of human activity over time, we believe that cultural
resources are also that of the natural environment including, but not limited
to, water, air, wildlife, and vegetation. We also believe that the intangible
cultural realities of the diverse cultures and communities within the United
States are included in this definition. The term ‘historic properties’ in the
following document</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> while similar in intent <s>(</s>properties that have been
determined to be significant<s>)</s> as in the current Section 106 process, is
dissimilar in that our use of the term encompasses more of the potentially
significant resources that must be considered. Our intent is to blend
socioeconomic, traditional use, sacred site, archaeological, natural
environment, recreational, built environment and all other cultural resources
into a cohesive process of review that highlights the interrelationships of all
of these features in the human-inhabited world.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section
1: CRM Strategic Plan</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the National
Environmental Policy Act have, for at least 50 years, set the standards for CRM
surveys and environmental impact assessments on a federal level in the United
States. While flawed, there are certain aspects of both that have allowed for
state, tribal, and local level agencies to develop and have oversight in their
own jurisdictions. Overall, these aspects of the regulations have allowed for
the protection of heritage and natural resources to be considered at a lower
level than the federal. The impact of development on communities should be
considered by the communities affected.<span style="background: #FFE599;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In the event that political action cancels the protections to
cultural resources and disregards environmental assessment, CRM will have to
create a self-monitoring system that affords protection to cultures, heritage
and the environment. The current system has been lax in some areas and allowed
developers opportunities to take advantage of loopholes in the system. A new
CRM Strategic Plan, hereafter referred to as the Plan, will consider protection
to cultural and natural resources in all facets of the industry, include more
community involvement in discussion and project participation, and place a
direct focus on how climate change is impacting the industry, both in site
evaluation and in sustainable work methodology.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">This CRM Plan will address the shortcomings of the system as it
stands now and allow for internal checks and balances that will create
regulations and policies that are enforceable from within. Through more direct
public outreach, this Plan will serve to educate and involve tribes, local
communities, businesses and developers in a more inclusive dialogue about the
importance of our collective national heritage. As a result, all actions moving
forward will examine project impacts to communities, cultural and natural
resources, and allow active research and mitigation when addressing a human
future that must be focused on the reality of climate change, adaptation and
the creation of a sustainable future for <b>all</b> life on this planet.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The following sections outline the details of the Plan in more
depth.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section 2: CRM Relationships</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Although often underfunded and understaffed, we feel that the
current Tribal Historic Preservation Office(r) (THPO), State Historic
Preservation Office(r) (SHPO), Certified Local Governments (CLG) and the NHPA
structure work fairly well with one another. However, there are areas that
could be improved and if these positions and partnerships are eliminated, CRM
must continue to act on behalf of the industry to re-establish and recreate
working relationships between communities and governments. Encouraging new
positions that serve similar purposes, but are more transparent to tribes,
communities and cultural resource professionals will allow research and
preservation to continue regardless of federal oversight. For the purposes of
this document, THPOs and SHPOs will be referred to as the current agencies they
are, but also be considered as possible agencies and positions that have been
recreated after potential federal elimination. The Regional Board of Cultural
Resource Professionals (Regional Board of CRPs) (see Section 5) will work
together as representatives of their states and regions to re-establish these
important positions from a pool of qualified cultural resource professionals
(CRPs).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Working to build and/or rebuild relationships, THPOs will act as a
two-way conduit of information. THPOs will be consulted by archaeologists
before fieldwork begins to discuss field methods, material culture <s> </s> traditional
plants, and other cultural concerns - that will inform an archaeologist about
the culture they are engaged with. THPOs will share the findings and site
interpretation with tribes and local communities, assisting archaeologists
while engaging tribal members to be actively involved in projects and share
their stories. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">For development projects not on tribal lands, THPO employees will
be available in conjunction with the Regional Board of CRPs to assist
archaeologists in public outreach and education. More contact between tribal
members, archaeologists, and the public will create more trust, interest, and
cultural understanding between all parties. In addition, collaborative public
outreach programs and CRM related training during projects will allow for more
community oversight. Costs for these programs will be incurred by developers
and be handled through permit fees (see Section 3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section 3: Permit
Review</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">A qualified CRP will review and sign off on all permits for
development projects including, but not limited to, extraction (including
forestry and mining), grazing, building permits on historic properties or
sites, or any other development permits that might impact communities and
cultural resources. This would allow for site information to be followed from
previously known sites adjacent to private building projects, and would engage
a larger segment of the population to take an interest in the history and
archaeology of their everyday landscape. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In addition to this initial permit review, and in the process of
impending development, a detailed survey will be done on development areas and
areas of potential impact, to be included with a Cultural Impact Statement (see
Section 4).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Local building and development permit fees will cover the cost of
CRP review and be based on the relevant scope of each project</span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> Review will include
potential impacts to cultural and natural resources as well as possible
negative impacts to local communities. This review will be required by the
Regional Board of CRPs and take place at the lowest level of government
jurisdiction. Information from this review will be made available to federal,
state and local governments as well as to impacted and concerned tribes and
communities.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The CRP that performs this review will be selected for relevant
area of expertise for each project type. In the event that other expertise is
needed, the CRP will have the ability to subcontract with other CRPs and
cultural resource staff as needed. The qualifications for the CRP shall
include: regional certification; membership in a national database of CRPs; an
advanced degree in the field of archaeology, anthropology, historical
architecture, or a closely related field; five years of diverse full-time
experience; one year supervised advanced analytical experience; one year
advanced supervisory experience; and have a demonstrated ability to research,
interpret, and generate reports in their respective cultural resource field.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section 4: Surveys and
Stakeholder Involvement </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The current system requires federally owned land to be subjected
to cultural resource inventory surveys; however, federal agencies have fallen
short in meeting this requirement. In addition to initial permit reviews,
closer scrutiny of any publicly owned land would be required, consisting of
fully funded cultural resource surveys encompassing a wider range of tangible
and intangible cultural materials and concepts. This cultural survey, together
with historical studies (including relevant oral histories), and public input,
would be a process to develop a specific Cultural Impact Statement. The CIS
should clearly spell out the current and historical cultures in question and
should spell out just as clearly both the scope of the proposed project and its
probable impact on the current culture both initially and over the long term.
Natural resources will be noted and current uses of sites will be considered
and included in the evaluation of site impact - as can be reasonably expected,
taking into account any requested privacy of cultural information, traditions
and ceremonies. A specific CIS will allow a public discussion of cultural
matters and project specific goals and effects. Allowing for transparency, the
CIS will be available for public view, excluding culturally sensitive
information. The costs for this intensive survey and CIS will be part of
developer fees.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">To aid in creating this CIS, a stakeholder board for each project
would be created to include representatives from every cultural group impacted,
including the local community. The stakeholder board would include
representatives from concerned organizations and communities - corporations,
government regulatory agencies, tribes, local residents, etc. - and have power
to decide issues of contention before moving the project forward. Every
stakeholder board will include an environmental representative from an outside,
respected environmental organization, preferably non-government. Members of the
board would be voted into position by consensus from their affiliated group.
The establishment of the stakeholder board would be a part of initial mandatory
consultation meetings with time allowed for each organization or impacted
culture and community to decide on representatives. Consultation meetings would
be scheduled well in advance and be required as part of the timeline included
with project proposals. All stakeholder board members would be required to
attend consultation meetings and consultation meetings would be open to the
general public. If at large members of the impacted communities can’t
reasonably make consultation meetings, recorded oral testimony or written
testimony should be included in the consultation meetings.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section 5: Appointment
of National and Regional Cultural Resource Professionals </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">On the federal level, there will be a position termed National
Archaeologist, chosen by and from a board of regional archaeologists and
cultural resource professionals to serve in the position for no more than five
years. While labeled National Archaeologist, this qualified individual will
have experience with archaeology, historic architecture, and will be
knowledgeable in all other facets of CRM. The National Archaeologist will be a
national figure who aids and engages with the public at large. The National
Archaeologist will head a board of regional archaeologists and CRPs with whom
they regularly engage. Regional archaeologists and CRPs will be recognized
members of the CRM community who carry a regional certification, are registered
in a national database, and are active members of the CRM-CAN (see Section 6).
All regional archaeologists and CRPs will be limited to a five year position.
The regional staff of archaeologists and CRPs will serve to bring their
expertise and varied skill sets to the attention of the National Archaeologist.
In addition to providing valuable regional input, these staff members will
provide support and resources to serve the lower level agencies such as SHPO,
THPO, and CLG staff. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">One initiative that the National Archaeologist will head is a
research initiative looking at how humans have interacted with their
environment and how they have adapted to changes in climate patterns in our
past. Research in this area through soil samples, tree ring studies, soil
deposition and other emerging research methods will be important for
archaeologists to add to the growing battle against climate change. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The
National Archaeologist will work in conjunction with Regional Board of CRPs in
public outreach, including an open invitation to business owners and developers
to participate in ongoing education about cultural heritage and climate
research.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The National Archaeologist and Regional Board of CRPs will
initiate the digitization of information that will be available across
jurisdictions to aid in CRM research. The digitization of information effort
will help to document climate change impacts on particular regions and
populations, including vulnerable natural and cultural resources.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section 6: CRM and
Climate Change</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Regardless of whether the National Park Service
(NPS) continues to exist, CRM professionals will make every good attempt to
follow the goals outlined in the NPS Policy Memorandum 14 - 02 in addressing
climate change and impacts on vulnerable cultural resources. By adopting these
goals as standard practice, the CRM industry can work to study and record
valuable information that may be lost to an unpredictable climate. As a matter
of standard policy, cultural resource management should always consider the
impacts of an ever changing climate on both cultural and natural resources, and
research should be timely and thorough on threatened sites of importance. In
every situation, reasonable data should be collected that will allow future
researchers to study the area more in depth in the event the site is lost,
including ecological data such as plant, soil, water and air samples. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">CRM can address climate change in research, data
collection, and long term storage of information and artifacts. While CRM has
an obligation to consider specific climate change and adaptation questions in
every research problem, the industry also needs to be sustainable in its
implementation of methodology, utilizing tools and technologies that mitigate
climate impact. Noninvasive technologies should be used whenever possible and
reburying over artifact collection should be considered in sites that are safe
from imminent destruction and long term climate vulnerability. In the event
that artifacts or features must be removed to make way for infrastructure,
those items would be stored in the communities most affiliated with the area or
cultural history. As part of the project costs, project developers would be
responsible for long term storage of artifacts, ideally by establishing a
cultural heritage center in the impacted communities.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> In every facet of
the CRM industry moving forward, the most sustainable methods must be chosen in
data collection and storage, interaction with communities and businesses,
education within the industry, and public outreach. Education and hands on
involvement in CRM work is beneficial in creating working relationships with
cultures to address their own needs and obstacles related to the changing
climate, including the stewardship of their own cultural heritage. Providing
information about sustainable practices in the rehabilitation of historic
properties and in museum curation enables local communities to protect their
cultural resources with a lower carbon footprint. CRM can be a part of that
education process, but CRM professionals must also be willing to learn from
indigenous and local cultures. Traditional knowledge provides an invaluable
tool in site research and aids in understanding human climate adaptation.
Forming a bridge between the past and the future, CRM’s success, like the
success of the human race, relies on adaptation to a changing and unpredictable
climate. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In contract work, CRM professionals should
always determine the most effective way to address climate change, and consider
refusing contracts regarding development that will result in a negative outcome
on natural and cultural resources, including living communities and their
homelands. In order to fight climate change, CRM must present itself on the
environmental moral high ground and do its part to protect all cultural
resources, both past and present in the most sustainable ways. With a strong
and diverse stakeholder base, any developer will be made aware of the impacts
of development projects on both natural and cultural resources, and be given
opportunities through stakeholder consultations to address community concerns.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">One way the CRM industry can move toward
sustainability is to form an alliance open to all CRM professionals who are
interested in being leaders in the fight against climate change. A professional
CRM Climate Action Network (CRM-CAN) would allow members an opportunity to work
together in an effort to make the industry more sustainable and focus on
climate change in all research questions and methodology. A recognized CRM
climate organization that included anthropologists, archaeologists, historians
and environmental scientists would give the industry more collective power to
fight climate injustice against people and natural resources. In addition to
the important work cultural resource management does to preserve and record the
past, CRM can also be a leader in actively addressing climate change.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">A place to start in the protection of natural
resources is to form a CRM Natural Resource Bill of Rights which would
recognize geographical features as important contributors to the habitat of
local species and communities. In addition, the effects of development projects
must be monitored over the long term on all natural resources and communities
that might in any way be impacted. Natural resources will be considered as part
of an ecological system that all species, including humans, are a part of. Each
development project and its effects will have to be weighed in relation to
regional and world ecosystem functionality. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Developers that harm natural and cultural
resources will be held accountable through large fines (decided upon by
stakeholders prior to project commencement) that accrue daily as they continue
to move forward against advisement. If a developer does not heed the rules and
regulations set forth through stakeholder involvement, that company will lose
the opportunity to work with the CRM-CAN and affiliations in the future and
every action performed in violation will go on record for future litigation by
affected communities and the CRM-CAN. Litigation for failure to comply will
result in damages paid directly to affected communities in perpetuity.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section
7: Project Bid Review and Budget Considerations</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Currently, a weak point in the environmental assessment and CRM
structure is the bidding process. It is all too common that the lowest bidder
is awarded the contract for the work. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The bidding process is
where tribal and community consultation begins. Tribes and local communities
can communicate their interest towards areas of focused research and
investigation, and budgets should reflect these needs. Tribes can provide an
estimate for THPO employee time and the costs that will be incurred on project
involvement. All of these concerns will be addressed in individual project
bids.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The CRP review process is initiated at the time
a project that will physically, visually, or audibly affect the natural or
built environment and requires federal, state, or local government approval,
funding, or contracting. The governing agency will have criteria
regarding whether the project is of the nature requiring intensive CRP review,
as determined by an on-staff CRP who will conduct an initial assessment which
will include direct consultation with interested/potentially affected parties.
If it is determined that an intensive CRP review is required the
governing agency will route the project proposal through an online portal
system (organized and searchable by State) that posts for all CRPs (and their
respective firms) to then have the opportunity to review and bid on
the project within a specific timeline. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> At the end of
this period the bids received are sent to the THPO/SHPO who will provide
comments. The THPO/SHPO may veto any bids that do not meet expectations for a
quality and inclusive review. The agency/project proponent then will select the
CRP from remaining bids. Once the cultural and environmental studies have been
completed the findings will be sent to all consulting parties for comment and
THPO/SHPO review.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> All parties will
work together to avoid negative impacts to the natural and cultural environment
where feasible, minimize impacts to the highest level possible where they
cannot be avoided, and utilize the information gained from the studies to
benefit the public and affected communities to offset these impacts if deemed
adverse. If there are substantial concerns regarding the impacts of the project
on the cultural or natural environment, a 100% consensus solution must be
reached to remedy the concerns whether by alteration of project scope, or
through compensatory action.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> Any disputes will
be brought to the Regional CRP’s attention who will act as the arbitrator. The
Regional CRP and National Archaeologist may intervene at any time during the
review process if matters of concern are brought to their attention.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In
addition to the current average CRM bid, a percentage of the total contract for
bid will be set aside in a Cultural Resources Bank (CRB). This would be a fund
administered by the Office of the National Archaeologist to fund further
investigation on important ‘surprise’ sites that were unanticipated by tribes
and CRM firms and will require more money to investigate than firms looking to
build a pipeline, cell tower, wind farm etc. can profitably take on. The CRB
will allow important sites to be investigated instead of having the research
stopped because the cultural mitigation is cost prohibitive. This, along with a
more rigorous bidding process, will work to mitigate the divide between
developers and cultural resource professionals. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">A projected externalized cost will be required
in every developer’s budget to include:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Permit fees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Survey and CIS related
fees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Cultural Resource Bank
percentage deposit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Remediation insurance
costs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Mitigation allowances
for initial damages to the environment, including soil, water and air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Long term monitoring and
maintenance and repairs of infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Environmental testing
(soil, water, air) before, during and after development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Royalties or lease fees
to tribes/communities based upon forecast profits of infrastructure purpose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Storage implementation
and associated fees for artifacts and the movement of features<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Public outreach to
include education and training on projects for local communities and interested
developers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Each project is required
to offset it’s carbon cost through the purchase of carbon credits or other
approved (by Stakeholder Board) means<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Daily fines to be
determined by Stakeholder Board for development that breaks laws and
regulations imposed by federal, state and/or local agencies overseeing project <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section 8: CRM Cultural Bill of Rights</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The
ideal system we imagine stresses the importance of positive relationships
between the CRM industry and tribal and/or local communities. Regulations for
survey and oversight should involve local and state jurisdictions and be
enforceable on all levels. Coordination would be required between federal,
state and local agencies for public outreach and communication, as well as
internal industry news and policy.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">A
CRM Cultural Bill of Rights will be created to protect heritage, traditions and
lifestyles of all people who are impacted by research and development, to
include but not limited to:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">People have a right to
their own past and present cultures, including access.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">People have the right to
maintain artifact storage and display in their own heritage communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">People have a right to
continue their traditions and have access to sacred sites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">People have the right to
practice and celebrate their cultures, as long as traditions harm none.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">People have the right to
live healthfully, peacefully and peaceably.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">People have the right to
be involved in the research and information sharing of their own cultural
heritage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">People have the right to
express their concerns with development that involves their own history, their
traditional lands and their quality of life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Section
9: Conclusion/Moving Forward</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In order to move forward in a politically
unstable and climate-changing world, CRM has to adapt quickly to emerge as a
leader in social and environmental justice. Many of the CRM systems currently
in place are open to misinterpretation and contain loopholes that leave our
national heritage at risk and put life forms and habitats in jeopardy. While
considering the most effective</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">and sustainable methods to perform our work, cultural resource
professionals also have</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">an obligation to protect communities and natural resources that
might be affected by future development.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">This Plan offers opportunities that stress the
importance of partnerships between agencies, tribes, and communities. Moving
forward, we have the opportunity</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">to learn from each other and create better working relationships.
This model stresses transparency between all stakeholders and implements
actions to insure public outreach and education. Data dissemination among
stakeholders and research communities will become standard practice to aid in
industry and public awareness. The Plan addresses the climate both in the study
of how past cultures have impacted and adapted to their local geographies, and
how CRM can be sustainable in its methodology while contributing data to
climatology studies. It acknowledges the rights of all people and sets an
originating point for adopting and implementing a CRM Cultural Bill of Rights. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The ideas presented in this document are simply
a beginning of the dialogue that needs to take place between all stakeholders
on this planet. Following the guidelines in this CRM Plan presents
opportunities to address some of the current concerns in the CRM industry.
Participation in the “Heritage After Trump” challenge has given the Adams State
CRM cohort an opportunity to collaborate and contribute to the important
conversation that will reshape the field of cultural resource management. We
are grateful to have our ideas considered and hope to help reshape CRM into an
optimally responsible, sustainable, adaptable and caring industry. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8788575.post-16332135840234832022017-01-07T14:53:00.000-08:002017-01-07T14:55:53.393-08:00There's Still Time...With just three days left until the extended deadlines for entries in competition for the "Heritage After Trump" award of $1,000, we now have FOUR contestants, three of whom have prepared and submitted their proposals since we extended the deadline. So there's still time for YOU to submit an entry. Besides the Grand award, we'll post the winning entry (if there is one) on the blog and elsewhere. We're also planning to set up a website on which to continue the conversation -- regardless of whether there's a winner.<br />
<br />
If you're inclined to enter, please take the time to examine the original call for proposals, back on November 24, 2016 in this blog.<br />
<br />
Thanks!Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0