Two Icelandic Traditional Cultural Properties

With my sons Josh and Tom, and my grandson Duncan, I recently travelled to Iceland and Scotland.  I went in part to seek ideas for the forthcoming second edition of Places That Count, my 2003 book on traditional cultural properties.

In Reykjavik, Iceland, I was honored to be shown around by Magnus Skarphedinsson, a leading expert on Icelandic elves and huldufólk (hidden people).   Traditional belief in Iceland, presumably dating back to the country’s settlement by Scandinavian seafarers in the late 9^th century ACE, populates the rugged landscape with elves – small people of various sizes, and with huldufólk of approximately human scale, all of them capable of winking in and out of human perception.  They make their homes in various more or less distinctive landforms, notably cliffs, caves, and rock outcrops.  Under certain unspecified conditions, some people can see doors and windows in such landscape features, and in some cases whole houses and farms materialize and dematerialize. 

According to Mr. Skarphedinsson, 54% of Icelanders believe in elves and huldufólk, while an additional 33% take their possible existence into account.  Belief in such “nature spirits” was probably widespread in Europe, he thinks, prior to the Enlightenment, which had little impact on Iceland until the late 19^th century.  Icelandic elves and huldufólk are obviously very similar to the spirit beings that many Native Americans and other indigenous groups believe occupy the landscape.

Although there do not seem to be official legal requirements for identifying and protecting places associated with elves and huldufólk, such places are apparently routinely considered in planning and protected from harm.  Failure by project planners and developers to extend such consideration to elf/ huldufólk sites has reportedly complicated construction work through equipment breakdowns, supply problems, illnesses, injuries, and cost overruns.  As a result, planners routinely consult with local residents to identify elf and huldufólk sites and design their projects to avoid and protect them. 

Mr. Skarphedinsson took a film crew from Eurovision and me to two elf sites in Reykjavik, illustrated below.  According to my notes on what Mr. Skarphedinsson told us, their stories are as follows. 

The Chicken Farm Strike Site

In 1936, a chicken farmer obtained land from the government containing a modest sized rock outcrop.  In 1939 he developed plans to clear the rocks away for construction of a new chicken house.  He was visited in a dream by an elf woman, who explained that the outcrop was her family’s home and asked him to save it.  He agreed, and did so.

All was well until 1942, when he sold the farm to a bakery company.  The seller asked the buyers to save the outcrop, and they agreed, but by 1945 they were planning an expansion that would take out the rocks.  Despite warnings from the neighbors, they sought approval from the local planning authorities.  At the time, the farm had some 300 chickens, producing about 250 eggs per day. 

The company received local planning approval for its expansion, whereupon egg production went into a steep and wholly mysterious decline.  Within a few days production dropped to 190 eggs, then 150, then 80, then 30, and finally to zero.  The company brought in veterinarians to figure out what was wrong with the chickens, but the chickens seemed fine, and were eating happily; they just weren’t laying.

Seeing the handwriting on the rocks, as it were, the company changed its plans so as to save the outcrop.  The chickens began to lay, and within a few weeks production was back to normal.  In 1964 the local government declared the outcrop an “honored guest,” not to be disturbed.  Today it stands protected in the midst of a car park in what is now a light industrial zone.

Chicken Farm Strike Rock

Elf House Road

In the 1950s, residential development was planned along a ridge in suburban Reykjavik.  The main road along which houses would be built was planned down the spine of the ridge, through a low outcrop of volcanic rocks.  Local residents warned that the rocks were occupied by elves, and after some discussion the planners elected to realign the road to skirt the outcrop, and named it Elf House Road.  Plans for a house immediately adjacent to the rocks were also abandoned.  Life went on with occasional elf sightings but no problems until the summer of 1973.

Reykjavik has developed an advanced geothermal heating system, with insulated hot water pipes snaking throughout the city.  In the summer of 1973 the system was expanded into the Elf House Road development.  The system was designed to avoid the rock outcrop, but a main pipe trench was laid out in the adjacent open field.  The trench was dug, and a large cement truck arrived to pour the walls and floor of a facility to contain some of the distribution equipment.  The driver, a young man, drove over the edge of the rock outcrop.  The several workers involved in digging the trench were appalled, pulled the driver out of the truck, and began informing him vigorously about the dangers of encroaching on the elf house.  During which discussion the cement truck abruptly fell over on its side.  It required a considerable effort with a good deal of equipment to right it and set it on its way.

All is apparently quiet on Elf House Road today, and when we visited we spoke – well, Mr. Skarphedinsson  and the filmmakers spoke; having no Icelandic I just listened and watched – with a very self-possessed local resident of about 12 who said she had quite recently seen an elf among the rocks.  About 40 cm. tall, bearded, dressed in white with black shoes, he smiled at her and disappeared.

Elf House Road

Nikumaroro as a Cultural Heritage Problem -- and a Place to Visit

As some readers of these posts know, when I’m not slandering archaeologists, U.S. government agencies, and other participants in the Cultural/Heritage Management game, I play at archaeology on Nikumaroro, an uninhabited atoll in the South Pacific nation of Kiribati.  The organization with which I work, The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR; see TIGHAR.org) hypotheses that aviation pioneers Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan landed and died there after their mysterious disappearance in July 1937.  Over the last 25 years we’ve developed a good deal of data in support of this hypothesis.

I just posted a note on my Amelia Earhart Archaeology blog -- http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/ -- about the planned June 17-July 3 2015 trip to the island, sponsored by Betchart Expeditions and co-sponsored by TIGHAR, AAAS Travels, Sigma Xi Expeditions, and the Planetary Society.  Since about half the cabins are booked, I urged those interested in coming along to visit the trip’s web page at http://www.betchartexpeditions.com/aus-nz_amelia_earhart.htm, posthaste.

It occurs to me that beyond the Earhart connection, Nikumaroro is actually not without interest as a cultural heritage problem, so I thought I’d alert readers of this blog to the 2015 trip, too.  Here are the issues:

1.       Cultural significance:  Nikumaroro is uninhabited, though some of its former residents, now living mostly in the Solomon Islands, express the desire to re-occupy it.  It has interesting archaeological remains – not only the likely (we think) sites of Amelia Earhart’s landing, survival, and eventual demise, but the well-preserved remains of its 1939-1963 colonial village, by some interpretations the last new colony of the British Empire before World War II.  Prehistoric sites are certainly present, too, but have been hard to locate.  In terms of traditional culture, the island is associated with the legendary Nei Manganibuka, a legendary founding mother of I Kiribati society.

2.       Management challenges:  The big challenge is that Nikumaroro, like other atolls around the world, is being overwhelmed by the rising sea.  In the quarter-century we’ve worked there we’ve documented the steady encroachment of storm surges, particularly along the island’s western side.  The site of the colonial village, which is probably also the site of prehistoric occupation, is experiencing particularly severe impacts. 

3.       What can be done?  Sea level rise obviously isn’t likely to be stopped by any human agency, and given that no one lives on the island, trying to save it isn’t likely to get much priority in planning and funding.  So can we do nothing but watch it wash away? 

4.       Other management challenges include uncontrolled visitation by passing fishermen and by tourists.  Although the island is very remote, it may draw increasing attention if and when we find definitive evidence that Earhart really did wind up there.  How is this to be managed?  It’s something we talk about a good deal, but no one has come up with a plan, and again, funding is likely to be a problem.

5.       The island is part of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, the world’s largest theoretically protected marine area and a World Heritage List site (http://www.phoenixislands.org/ and http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1325).  It is so large that its management is next to impossible, particularly by a nation confronted with the economic, social, and environmental challenges that Kiribati suffers.   What can be done?  It’s another intractable problem.

So, the future of Nikumaroro does constitute a cultural heritage issue worth considering, and if anyone is interested in considering it on-site, do take a look at http://www.betchartexpeditions.com/aus-nz_amelia_earhart.htm.  We’d love to have you join us.